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V]8Xx$ 4 #  ? ̙33___"x 8(  8  8  xms,0e0e?Rectangle 2`[   >Kinetic-Molecular Theory  8 F|*?Text Box 3 [___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 JIt was once common belief that heat was an invisible substance. It even had a name-- caloric, and it was believed that it could be transferred between objects but neither created nor destroyed. To heat up an object this caloric had to flow into it. This, they thought, explained why objects expanded when heated. But this theory could not explain, for example, how heat could emanate from a cold piece of wood once it is set on fire? Where did the caloric come from? If it had been in the wood in the first place, the wood should have been hot all along. The caloric theory was abandoned in the 19th century and replaced with the kinetic-molecular theory. This new theory stated that all matter is made up of atoms/molecules in constant motion. The faster they move, the hotter an object will be.h&1 $*$ , $$ & V]8Xx$ 8 #  ? ̙33___"M LLVV<cL( zSmM < <  xT,0e0e?Rectangle 2`p   QInternal Energy#  < F*?Text Box 5a( P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 {Internal energy (also called thermal energy) is the energy an object or substance is due to the kinetic and potential energies associated with the random motions of all the particles that make it up. The kinetic energy is, of course, due to the motion of the particles. To understand the potential energy, imagine a solid in which all of its molecules are bound to its neighbors by springs. As the molecules vibrate, the springs are compressed and stretched. 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Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules that make up a substance. $  V]8Xx$ < #  ? ̙33___" @R( (,,zSmM @z @  |n,0e0e?Text Box 3   Internal Energy vs. Heatb 2  f  @ FxQT,?Text Box 5H0( h___PPT11H@   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      The term heat refers is the energy that is transferred from one body or location due to a difference in temperature. This is similar to the idea of work, which is the energy that is transferred from one body to another due to forces that act between them. Heat is internal energy when it is transferred between bodies. Technically, a hot potato does not possess heat; rather it possesses a good deal of internal energy on account of the motion of its molecules. If that potato is dropped in a bowl of cold water, we can talk about heat: There is a heat flow (energy transfer) from the hot potato to the cold water; the potato s internal energy is decreased, while the water s is increased by the same amount. $&$ & $ $^$& $ $&$($(,$,0$034$43g8$83<$<  V]8Xx$ @ #  ? ̙33___"  ^ V D ( +E^}, D D  xX*0e0e?Rectangle 2!Ad   4Units for Heat   D       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy{|}~ F*?Text Box 3h/ |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 Like any type of energy, the SI unit for heat is the Joule. Another common unit is the calorie, which is approximately the amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram one degree Celsius. 1000 calories are in a Calorie, which is used to measure the energy in foods (that the human body can make use of). The British thermal unit (BTU) is approximately the energy needed to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. $  V]8Xx D LxV3+?Text Box 4p  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 -1 cal = 4.186 J 1 BTU = 1055 J = 252 cal..-&$ . V]8Xx$ D #  ? ̙33___"p3 33 H2(  H2 H  xX},0e0e?Rectangle 2y   f@Internal vs.  External Energy ! H r* ?Rectangle 4)gL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~B H V?Line 5Yi H F)?Text Box 6qq|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 Suppose a 1 kg block of ice is sliding at 7 m/s. This is the speed of the center of mass of the block, not the speed of each individual water molecule. To calculate the total kinetic energy   V]8Xx H Fن*?Text Box 7Zzd___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10   vcm = 7 m/sF em $  V]8Xx H Fxo5?Text Box 83K5   ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10`X   xof the water molecules of the block directly, we would have to know the speed of each molecule as it vibrates, all 33.4 trillion trillion of them! (In practice we would just measure the temperature & mass of the ice.) The internal energy of the ice does not depend on the motion of the whole body relative to Earth. What matters is the motion of the molecules in the reference frame of the block. Otherwise, it would be impossible for a cold object to move quickly or a hot one to move slowly. Note: If friction is present, it could do work on the ice and convert some of the  uniform kinetic energy of the block into  random kinetic energy of its molecules (internal energy). Regardless, the total energy of the block is the kinetic energy of the center of mass + the internal energy: Ktotal = Kcm + Eint = +$3e3 m 3e3e3m3e3 e 3$m$3(,(3 = V]8Xxx ; HC *Group 11"}4GB H \?Line 9;r2 H R؆*?Oval 10 F|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 \($  V]8Xxx ;  HC *.CGroup 12"w9B H ^?Line 13;~2 H ^X*?Oval 14 F|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 \($  V]8XxB  H d?Line 16w|2  H drQa}1?Oval 17c|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 \($  V]8Xxx ;  HC *+Group 18"tB H ^?Line 19;r2 H Rx}*?Oval 20 F|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 \($  V]8Xxx ;  HC *gGroup 21";OB H ^?Line 22;~2 H ^t*?Oval 23 F|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 \($  V]8Xx$ H #  ? ̙33___"" !!0Lj!( zSmM L_ L  xQ,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   !Temperature vs. Internal EnergyD"    " L FX,?Text Box 3@___PPT11    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10xp      Temperature and internal energy are related but not the same thing. Temperature is directly proportional to the average molecular kinetic energy*. Note the word average is used, not total. Consider a bucket of hot water and a swimming pool full of cold water. The hot water is at a higher temperature, but the pool water actually has more internal energy! This is because, even though the average kinetic energy of the water molecules in the bucket is much greater than that of the pool, there are thousands of times more molecules in the pool, so their total energy is greater. It s analogous to this: A swarm of 1000 slow moving bees could have more total kinetic energy than a dozen fast moving, hyperactive bees buzzing around like crazy. One fast bee has more kinetic energy than a slow one, but there are a lot more slow ones.K ,3  "    "  $$$($(,$,0$034$4 K V]8Xx/ L FXu,?Text Box 5d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  m* true for gases, approximately true for solids and liquids whose molecules interact with each other more.Fn.3l&3.3 n V]8Xxx L F*?Text Box 6@|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 vcontintued on next slide$f  V]8Xx$ L #  ? ̙33___"# 7/@P( zSmM P P  x/*0e0e?Rectangle 2Jy   *Temperature vs. Internal Energy (cont.)\+    +@ P Fp2?Text Box 4x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  ZWhich has more internal energy, a bucket of hot water or a bucket of cold water? answer:N[P"&& &  [ V]8Xx P F~,?Text Box 5"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK!Ldrs/downrev.xmlDJ1!MomZT Hk`75 ^7[{60(u[)#[#%XOOfXp ©B]C%e;&a .]\blx(pKԕ' =A@BBBB0B%(E' => B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*P%(D' =-6B#blinds(vertical)*<3<*P+8+0+P +",E DDPTD( +EH@+ T T  x*0e0e?Rectangle 2`Pp   8Temperature Scales   T F,?Text Box 3,___PPT11    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10ph     Fahrenheit: water freezes at 32 F; boils at 212 F Celsius: water freezes at 0 C; boils at 100 C Kelvin: water freezes at 273.15 K; boils at 373.15 KP " " "&&$ & $$$(&(,&,70&03  V]8XxB# T F?/,?Text Box 4l, @80___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10       A change of 100 C corresponds to a change of 180 F. This means 5 C = 9 F or 1 C = 1.8 F Note that the degree symbol is on the opposite side of the letter, indicating that we re talking about temperature differences. In other words, five steps on the Celsius scale is equivalent to nine steps on the Fahrenheit scale, but 5 C is certainly not equal to 9 F. Since these scales are linear, and they re offset by 32 F, we get the conversion formula: F = 1.8C + 32 " !  "  " "  $"$ ( (,", 0 04"4 8 8<"<  " <  " % ggg g $a$  V]8Xx T Fu,?Text Box 5    ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10`X   One step on the Kelvin scale is the same as one step on the Celsius scale. These scales are off by 273.15 K, so: K = C + 273.15 Room temperature is around 293 kelvins, which is 20 C, or 68 F.q $g g g g3 " $"$ ( (  V]8Xx$ T #  ? ̙33___". =.5.`X-( @ XD X  x},0e0e?Rectangle 2`   x Absolute Zero & the Kelvin Scale*!A !p X F*?Text Box 3C' ,$___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography `___PPT10@8  The Kelvin scale is setup so that its zero point is the coldest possible temperature--absolute zero, at which point a substance would have zero internal energy. This is -273.15 C, or -459.69 F. Absolute zero can never be reached, but there is no limit to how close we can get to it. Scientists have cooled substances to within 10-5 kelvins of absolute zero. How do we know how cold absolute zero is, if nothing has ever been at that temperature? The answer is by graphing Pressure vs. Temperature for a variety of gases and extrapolating.d! "   "  (  ! 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This means there is no net exchange of thermal energy between the two bodies. The top pair of objects are in contact, but since they are at different temps, they are not in thermal equilibrium, and energy is flowing from the hot side to the cold side..T  S  T V]8Xx \ rhZ*x  ?Rectangle 5  ` P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 uhot0($$  V]8Xx \ rj*fx f ?Rectangle 6  ` P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 vcold0($$  V]8Xx \ Z_*?AutoShape 70 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 zheat4(e$  V]8Xx \ r*̙x ̙ ?Rectangle 8 @ x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  26 CN($& $   V]8Xx \ r*̙x ̙ ?Rectangle 9 @  d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  26 CB($& $  V]8XxzB  \@ R?Line 10H < zB  \ R?Line 11 < <  r  \ H*?Text Box 12 Y8|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 nNo net heat flow$  V]8Xx  \ Hx*?Text Box 13PV|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 The two purple objects are at the same temp and, therefore are in thermal equilibrium. There is no net flow of heat energy here.   V]8Xx$ \ #  ? ̙33___" E=`( !zSmM `  `  xH*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   >Heat Transfer Processes   ` FHC*?Text Box 3@F|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 Heat energy can be transferred from one body to another in three different ways. Upcoming slides will give an example of each.$  V]8Xx ` F8c)?Text Box 4___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 : Conduction: Energy is transferred when two objects are in direct contact. Molecules of the hotter object bump into molecules of the colder object and cause them to speed up, warming the colder object. Convection: Energy is transferred from one body to a cooler one via currents in a fluid (a gas or liquid). Radiation: All objects, at any temperature, radiate electromagnetic radiation (light of visible and invisible wavelengths). Unlike conduction & convection, no medium (matter of any type) is necessary for heat transfer through radiation. Objects absorb radiation as well. At thermal equilibrium it will absorb as much as it radiates. h $m$ $ R$3$  V]8Xx$ ` #  ? ̙33___"P P~P$$d:P( !"zSmM dx d \*?Rectangle 15@ pCSL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx d  x8*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   0 Conduction % d H*?Rectangle 3N/ |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 !Schmedrick decides to become a blacksmith. In order to forge a horse- shoe for his horse, Bucephalus, Scmedrick heats up the shoe in a fire, pounds on it with a mallet to shape it, and then cools it by dipping it in a bucket of water. Because the water is colder, heat flows from the shoe to the water--quickly at first, and more slowly as the shoe cools. The water molecules, with little kinetic energy, are in direct contact with the iron atoms, which are jiggling rapidly and have lots of kinetic energy. When an iron atom bumps into a water molecule, the iron atom slows down a bit, while the water molecule speeds up (an elastic collision). In this way water gains the heat energy that the iron loses.    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This warm water is lower in density than the cooler water, since its molecules are moving faster and taking up more space. With lower density, the warm water begins to float to the surface, carrying its heat energy with it. As it rises to the surface it cools and becomes denser. Then it begins to sink, warmer water from below taking its place. These convection currents transfer heat from the horseshoe to the air via the water, which is the convection medium.&&  & V]8XxE  h H賞*?Text Box 18 ` |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 AIf the water were surrounded by something solid or too viscous to flow, heat could only be transferred to the air via conduction, and it would take much longer. Convection plays a big role in determining global weather patterns.$3  V]8Xx$ h #  ? ̙33___"e ueme$$l)e( zSmM l l  x(,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   / Radiation v l Z,?Rectangle 3G ZL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx v  O ` lC (Group 4"7 NHB "l  i,BCDEFQFR&UVW0?58;+?h:eje8a|aFF @       ;?ejaaFreeform 5 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2 #l \ȕ,?Oval 6b O R L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2 $l \:,?Oval 7 l u L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv l Z#,f3?Rectangle 8 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv l Z*,f3?Rectangle 9 ^L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx l \h9,f3?Rectangle 10WL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx ^ lC *Group 23"z' B l  ,,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 16P0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB lB  F,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 17 \L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l  9,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 18;(L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB lB  U,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 19xGL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l  s,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 20,L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx8B  l  ,B,CJDE&F QRUVWo?J;,,@ J,,JFreeform 21;-L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB !l ^o?Line 22C^C  l HX_,?Text Box 40h%|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 >The molecules of warm water cooling the horseshoe at the surface of Schmedrick s bucket bump into air molecules and transfer heat to the air via conduction. The water can also transfer energy to the air by emitting electromagnetic radiation. This is simply light, but usually it s light of a wavelength that is too long for us to see--infrared. Bodies also continually absorb radiation, but when a body is warmer   V]8Xxx ^  lC *Group 41"^/ B l  x,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 42P0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB lB  ,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 43 \L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l  ,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 44;(L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB lB   ,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 45xGL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l  ,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 46,L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx8B l  H,B,CJDE&F QRUVWo?J;,,@ J,,JFreeform 47;-L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l ^o?Line 48C^Cx ^  lC *Group 49"B B  l  8|,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 50P0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB lB  (,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 51 \L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l  (,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 52;(L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB lB  H,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 53xGL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l  ,BCDEnFQ.RUVWo? l00P(`x@    0xFreeform 54,L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx8B l  ,B,CJDE&F QRUVWo?J;,,@ J,,JFreeform 55;-L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB l ^o?Line 56C^C  l H_,?Text Box 583|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 than its surroundings, it emits more than it absorbs. Night vision technology takes advan-tage of this fact by detecting infrared light in order to  see in the dark. Radiation can cool or warm objects even if they are surrounded by a vacuum. (Even a perfect Thermos bottle full of hot chocolate will eventually cool down.) When Schmed s bucket cools long enough, it will be in thermal equilibrium with the air, and the net radiation (emission - absorption) will be zero.   V]8Xx$ l #  ? ̙33___"& "&&p%( zSmM pC p  x,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   wRadiation: Power & Temperature* A       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  p F},?Text Box 3 Y,$___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography `___PPT10@8 fThe rate at which a hot object emits radiation is its power output. Recall, power, P, is the rate at which work is done or energy is expended or absorbed. P depends on the body s temp (in kelvin) and on the amount of surface area it has. Power is directly proportional to the surface area and proportional to the 4th power of absolute temperature:h_T aH  a  (   _ V]8Xx p F*?Text Box 4 d \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH 8P A T 4 g$$  $$$ g $  V]8Xx p F,?Text Box 5 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 Note that the closer the radiating body gets to absolute zero, the lower its power output of electromagnetic radiation, meaning the amount of internal energy it is radiating out in a unit of time is low. Also, an object with lots of surface area will radiate at a greater rate. *$$3  V]8Xxp p FH7*?Text Box 60 x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Don t forget that bodies radiate and absorb energy at the same time. The same equation describes absorption, except we use the temp of the surroundings. Pnet = 0 when a body is in thermal equilibrium.@ a(-   V]8Xx$ p #  ? ̙33___"8 t(  t t  x~,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   0 Black Body  t F,?Text Box 3z|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 A black body is an ideal absorber. It absorbs any radiation that is incident upon it (any light that hits it). It exists only in theory.    V]8Xx t F},?Text Box 4~~ |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 Suppose Schmedrick has Bucephalus is all shoed up and ready to run. Schmed hops on the back of his trusty steed, and with a mighty  Hi ho Bucephalus! Away! he heads off into the sunset. Before falling off, Schmedrick ponders the sunlight streaming through the atmosphere from 93 million miles away. Not all of the light that reaches Earth makes it to the surface. The atmosphere reflects some of it back into space and absorbs some of it. (It scatters away more of the blue light than the red, which is why sunsets look red.) It is the same story for the light hitting Bucephalus: his coat absorbs some of it (and warms him); and some is reflected (otherwise he would be called Bucephalus the Invisible Horse).$3  V]8Xxd t FT,?Text Box 517|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 bAll real-world objects interact this way with light. Only a black body would absorb all light, including wavelengths we can t see.$  V]8Xx$ t #  ? ̙33___"| :|2|x{( ,zSmM x x h,|?Rectangle 27@ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  x  x,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   =Thermal Conductivity, k m x F,?Text Box 3?D ___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 AHeat transfer via conduction was described a few slides back. Thermal conductivity, k, refers how easily heat can move through a material. Metals have high thermal conductivity, meaning heat passes through them readily. Wood is a fairly good insulated of heat, and styrofoam is even better. These materials have low thermal conductivities. k is very low for air as well. (Attic insulation and styrofoam cups trap air, making them good insulators.) Heat from a boiler passes through all sides of its metal enclosure. The rate at which heat is transferred is given by: \BU a  a "  B V]8Xxx  5  xC *Group 11"  q x Hh,?Text Box 10% 5 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 eL"g   V]8Xx x F,?Text Box 5 ! d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  k A Ng gg   V]8XxC x F,?Text Box 7  x  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography x___PPT10XP  = ( T2 - T1 ) g g$g g  o g o o g $$g$   V]8XxB x Vo?Line 8 P  x N,?Rectangle 9  x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  H =f g g$g  g    V]8Xx)x   xC *Group 26"@\B  x s fL,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 21` lL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  x  lC,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 20  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB xB s f,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 23L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB x s fh,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 220 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB x s f,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 16pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB xB s fh,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 17pxL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB xB s f,BC,DEF Q^R2UVWf? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 18 PlL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB x s f,BC,DEF Q^R2UVWf? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 190 lL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB xB  l :,BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 25g'L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx x P(,?Rectangle 28/ !sv P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 T2< go  V]8Xx x P(,?Rectangle 291 {x P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 T1< go  V]8Xx  x \X,?AutoShape 30 0P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 zheat4(e$  V]8Xx  x H,?Text Box 31O 0 !`X___PPT11ph   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      sA = area of side wall L = thickness of wall k = thermal conductivity of the metal T2 - T1 = temperature difference`tee$ e ee$e e $e$"($(,e,0m04e48m8<$<&$ t V]8Xx   x Hha,?Text Box 32`x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  0H is simply power, and its SI unit is the Watt.@1 "".  1 V]8Xx$ x #  ? ̙33___"M vMnM|*M( &, | |  xؿ,0e0e?Rectangle 2 @p   G!SI Units for Thermal Conductivity "x &W  |C *Group 13"~io | Fx,?Text Box 4|r|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 eL"g  V]8Xx | Fx,?Text Box 5MWMd___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  k A Nggg  V]8XxC | Fh,?Text Box 6  x  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography x___PPT10XP  = ( T2 - T1 ) gg g g ogoo g  $g$  V]8XxB | Vo?Line 7_ | N,?Rectangle 8&;x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  H =f gg g g   V]8Xx | Fx*?Text Box 9y___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 mk must have units that cancel out all the units on the right, leaving only the units for H. The units are:^na"V  "    n V]8Xx | H(,?Text Box 10 Q ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( m Kd&& & & &  V]8Xxe | HH,?Text Box 11 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 a W&  V]8XxB | Xo?Line 12  l | HH,?Text Box 14 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 hor equivalently,   V]8Xx   | H[,?Text Box 15 5 ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( m Cd&& & & &  V]8Xxe  | H(d,?Text Box 16AA |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 a W&  V]8XxB  | Xo?Line 17 Sy   | Hh[,?Text Box 18  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ^Since one kelvin is as big a change in temp as one degree Celsius, these units are equivalent.__$ _ V]8Xx  | H,?Text Box 19 x  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography x___PPT10XP  Note: k for thermal conductivity is not the same as the k in Hooke s Law in which it represents the spring constant!y$f&fef & f/$f&fefgf & f;$$$f y V]8Xx$ | #  ? ̙33___" ( zSmM    xX0,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   3 Cold Tootsies   Fk,?Text Box 4d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  4Have you ever gotten out of bed in the wintertime and walked barefoot from a carpeted floor to a tile bathroom floor? The carpeting feels much warmer than the tile. But, assuming the house is in thermal equilibrium, the carpet and tile are at the same temp. So why does the tile feel colder? answer:85-"&" 5 V]8Xx  F,?Text Box 5"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK! drs/downrev.xmlDJ1E&-TtlZD ~sfINz ]^\l1N)&Xx@8n5ߟo@l LΔ`1ae‰tV 5؜JT[F'.]\blx*pɉRң`'K5ulSܻ;V_j"ӐE T݃hVSb rPK-!{[Content_Types].xmlPK-!Z,[ _rels/.relsPK-! drs/downrev.xmlPK  $D |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 "The tile has a greater thermal conductivity constant than the carpeting does. That is, the carpet is a better insulator. So, even though their temps are the same, the tile draws body heat away from your tootsies more quickly than the carpet does. Thus, it feels as if the tile is colder.##& # V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33______PPT10+tXpD' = @B DP' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D/' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D%' =+4 8?pCBB+#ppt_w*sin(2.5*pi*$)CB?B*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*+8+0+ +"%1 *))( U 05    xц*0e0e?Rectangle 2   9Thermopane Windows    F,?Text Box 3.|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 VIn a house we often want to prevent heat from getting in or getting out. Windows can be problematic. Thermopane windows have two or more panes of glass with air or some other gas between the panes. Which type of window, a double pane or a thick single pane, is better for minimizing heat transfer, if the total thickness is the same? WW  W V]8Xx~  b,?Rectangle 13L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  b ,?Rectangle 14 ML___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  b,?Rectangle 15i )L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \X,f3?Rectangle 17l  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \6,f3?Rectangle 18/L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \A,f3?Rectangle 195L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \Q,f3?Rectangle 20L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv   C *Group 25#"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK!0\drs/downrev.xmlDOk@ouDĊP#Lٷ!͟o-zf76M#z\mYA@V\*?pYccL ͞h;'g_a6tKn;>Ȯ!M#WQ* *li_Q8lqO5I|6 i+nPK-!{[Content_Types].xmlPK-!Z,[ _rels/.relsPK-!0\drs/downrev.xmlPK,$D    \j,?AutoShape 21 wpP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 zheat4(e$  V]8Xx  \|,?AutoShape 22 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 ~heat8(g&  V]8Xx  Hh,?Text Box 23\ P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 There is more glass in the single pane window to block the heat, but the air in between the panes of the double pane window has thermal conductivity that is about 35 times lower than that of the glass itself. So much more heat would be transferred through the single pane. *$f$  V]8Xxs  PXk,?Rectangle 24> f ^ |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ganswer: $  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33______PPT10+fDj' = @B D%' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(E' => B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* +"9 22 v2( $$$$ ~  b,?Rectangle 11 1L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx    x,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   ATriple pane vs. Double pane |  `,?Rectangle 3L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx|  `8,?Rectangle 4 \L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  Z,f3?Rectangle 55L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  Z(,f3?Rectangle 6L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  b,?Rectangle 12k N$L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  b-,?Rectangle 13p 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \<,f3?Rectangle 15f  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \h,f3?Rectangle 16 8L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  Hc,?Text Box 17p@\|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 If they are of the same total thickness and pane thickness, which is better at minimizing heat transfer, a double or triple pane window?   V]8Xxs  PxN,?Rectangle 18e D|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ganswer: $  V]8Xx,v  ! C *Group 29#"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK!0\drs/downrev.xmlDOk@ouDĊP#Lٷ!͟o-zf76M#z\mYA@V\*?pYccL ͞h;'g_a6tKn;>Ȯ!M#WQ* *li_Q8lqO5I|6 i+nPK-!{[Content_Types].xmlPK-!Z,[ _rels/.relsPK-!0\drs/downrev.xmlPK !,$D v2  R},?Oval 27= -L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxj  Hh,?Text Box 19!|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ^The double pane window has more air between the outer panes, so its thermal conductivity is lower. However, air is a mobile medium, and convection currents can shuttle warm air from the warm side to the cold side. On the warm side the air rises, moves across the the cold side, and sinks, moving in a loop and carrying its energy from the warm side to the cold side. The middle pane in the triple pane window reduces the energy transfers due to convection and is the better window (but probably more expensive).$f  V]8Xx  \,?AutoShape 20 0P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 |heat6(g$  V]8Xx  \,?AutoShape 21P  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 zheat4(e$  V]8XxB  X?Line 24C J& B  X?Line 25 & B  X?Line 26Io_B B X?Line 28 p$  #  ? ̙33______PPT10+Dj' = @B D%' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(E' => B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+"2 ?2720 1( D,    x*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   -R Value   Fȗ,?Text Box 6  &___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 The R value of a material is its  thermal resistance and refers to how good an insulator is. Here s how it s defined:\z "a " "r  z V]8Xx x  I C *Group 11"PP   F,?Text Box 7 d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  R =Ng$g$g$  V]8Xxo  Fh,?Text Box 8 x I|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ek"g$  V]8Xxw   N,?Rectangle 9: N |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 eL"g$  V]8XxB   Xo?Line 10% Q   H-*?Text Box 12P< ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( hAs in previous equations: L = the thickness of the material k = thermal conductivity of the materialbi$e#$ e *$ i V]8Xx   H,?Text Box 13 r( h___PPT11H@   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      xNNote that the R value is inversely proportional to thermal conductivity, meaning good heat conductors have a low R value and are poor insulators. Also, the R value is directly proportional to the thickness of the material, meaning the thicker it is, the better it insulates. Thus, more insulation in the attic can save energy.O "a " "` "a " $"$)( (,",0a04"48"8< < O V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" c[@( h, 4   xXp,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   hWind & Heat Loss*A    Fy,?Text Box 3|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 eA breeze can cool us off in the summer, and wind can make us feel colder in the winter. Why is this?ff  f V]8Xxq  Nh;,?Rectangle 4 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ganswer: $  V]8Xxc  Fk,?Text Box 5"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK!ݷdrs/downrev.xmlDQK0Co.`ѺlTkAksۄ5IM{x8-׳فB4I^`:$>nńNI8QlG6 ,C\PNi8&q'r}r WnG^Qr=jo+u[zg&khD-p,ќM$eYg0j1Qm6PK-!{[Content_Types].xmlPK-!Z,[ _rels/.relsPK-!ݷdrs/downrev.xmlPK ^c-F$D |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 OWhen we sweat the perspiration absorbs body heat, and when it evaporates, it takes this heat with it. This is called evaporative cooling. A steaming cup of hot chocolate cools in the same way. The reason a coat keeps us warm in the winter is because it traps air that is heated by our bodies. (Wearing layers is like having a triple pane window.) A thin layer of stagnant air also surrounds the outside walls of buildings and helps insulate them. Wind tends to blow this warm air away, along with its heat. The windier it is, the colder it feels to us, and the greater the heat loss from a building. Trees around you home can save energy in two ways: blocking wind in the winter; and shielding your home from excess solar radiation in the summer.$f  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33______PPT10+|{D' = @B D:' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dq' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(E' => B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+8+0+ +" #P( s$.!    x*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   <Laws of Thermodynamics   F(,?Text Box 3wd \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH 0R Zeroth Law: If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B, and if object B is in thermal equilibrium with object C, then objects A and C are also in equilibrium. This is sort of a  transitive property of heat. First Law: Energy is always conserved. It can change forms: kinetic, potential, internal etc., but the total energy is a constant. Another way to say it is that the change in thermal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the work done on it and the amount of heat energy transferred to it. Second Law: During any natural process the total amount of entropy in the universe always increases. Entropy can be defined informally as a measure of the randomness or disorder in a system. Heat flows naturally from a hot to cooler surroundings as a consequence of the second law.* $+$ $ >$f$f&f$f  * V]8Xxu  F,?Text Box 4p|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 s(examples upcoming)$  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"b `( X,    x(,0e0e?Rectangle 2F   0 Zeroth Law z  FX,?Text Box 33D<|___PPT11\T   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      dIn math we have a transitive property of equality: If a = b and b = c, then a = c. The zeroth law of thermodynamics works the same way with temperature. Suppose some firewood is brought in from the cold and an apple pie is removed from a hot oven. Both are placed in the same room. With time the firewood and the room with reach thermal equilibrium, as will the pie and the room. This means the firewood and the room are at the same temp. The pie and room are at the same temp too. Therefore, by the zeroth law, the firewood and pie are at the same temp, meaning they too are in thermal equilibrium.e8""" c ""c" c $"$("(,",0c0H4"48&8<&<f& e V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" yqp-( )5zSmM    xX,0e0e?Rectangle 2`        !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{}~ / First Law o  FH,?Text Box 8zzd \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH Schmedrick is cruising around in dune buggy daydreaming about thermodynamics. When he hits the gas, a mixture of fuel and air is injected into a cylinder and ignited by a spark-plug. The gasoline contains chemical potential energy, meaning when it is burned by combining it chemically with O2, the products of the reaction are mainly small molecules (CO2, H2O, & pollutants) that contain less potential energy than the reactants. Some of this energy goes into kinetic energy of the dune buggy. The wheels have both rotational & translational kinetic energy. Some may go into gravitational potential energy, if Schmed drives up hill. Most of the energy is actually wasted. The exhaust gas is very hot, and thus contains internal energy that Schmed would have preferred to have gone into propelling his vehicle. Some of the energy also heated up the engine. The 1st Law guarantees that all the original chemical potential energy is accounted for. %"*=" * "*"*T "   V]8Xx{  H ,?Text Box 10 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 wcontinued on next slide$  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"\ ( , 4   x8F,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   hFirst Law (cont.)(  <  F1,?Text Box 3r zH @ ___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography h___PPT10H@ vAs Schmedrick cruises around, he becomes too engrossed in his daydream and crashes into a street light and putting a big, ole dent in it. The 1st Law has something to say about the crash too: In order to dent the pole, work has to be done on it. That is, a force must be applied to the pole over some distance. The force is from the dune buggy. The work done on the pole is energy transferred to it by the buggy, which quickly dissipates as heat. If the pole were made of some material that could spring back into its normal shape after impact, it would store some energy during the collision as elastic potential energy, rather than simply generating heat. Here s the point: If you need to do work, the 1st Law demands that you have at least as much energy available as the amount of work you need to do. If Schmed had been going slower, his kinetic energy would have been less, and he wouldn t have been able to do as much work on the pole, and the dent would have been smaller.~ (/  $ f0$f3,f3$f3   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"r <( (<$zSmM    xXI,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   0 Second Law   FV,?Text Box 3d,___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( @While his dune buggy is being repaired, Schmedrick decides to take a to the Alps to practice his yodeling up in the mountains. As fate would have it, one of his yodels touches off an avalanche, and thousands of tons of snow crash down in a distant valley. The gravitational potential energy the snow had before falling is now thermal energy, as the 1st Law requires. Is it possible for an avalanche to happen in reverse? answer:L` (I  $    V]8XxF  FxW,?Text Box 4"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK!G)4drs/downrev.xmlDJ1E^ؤ#Z6-EPsf$c7^LmّB4I 0rW5/wObB$)|v}5Rq!.(AԕJ8>XL9 -/x;zT}~M[A.FշXJy3`?>6+QoJ}13Ř(H~6]PK-!{[Content_Types].xmlPK-!Z,[ _rels/.relsPK-!G)4drs/downrev.xmlPK H $D ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100(  The first law does not prohibit the snow from suddenly rising, so long as it the potential energy is regains comes from somewhere, such as the thermal energy of the surrounding air. In other words, the 1st Law allows a  reverse avalanche if the surroundings become cooler. Thermal energy is converted into potential energy, and energy is conserved. The 2nd Law forbids this, however, since a reverse avalanche would mean a decrease in entropy in the region around the valley. There is more about entropy on upcoming slides.^$f,f$f , f$f  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___z___PPT10Z+qrnD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D<' =A@BBBB0B%(E' => B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-}6B!strips(upRight)*<3<*+8+0+ +"( JJ|( ?    x,0e0e?Rectangle 2Y    EEntropy: Statistical Approach 4  FP*?Text Box 3   ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10h`    Entropy is related to probability. Let s look at the possible outcomes of flipping four coins, of which there are sixteen (2 4 = 16). The outcomes are grouped into macrostates according to the number of heads. Each macrostate is made up a microstates. For example, the 3-heads macrostate is comprised of 4 microstates, because there are 4 combinations that yield 3 heads. One microstate in the 3-heads macrostate is H H T H. The number of microstates in a macrostate determines how likely that state is to exist.  z "  " (( "  " $ $("(^, ,  V]8Xx8x 4, C *Group 73"B,a2   V*?Oval 56P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2   V•*?Oval 66P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2   V*?Oval 714P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  VH*?Oval 8-7P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XX*?Oval 12dP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 13dP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XH*?Oval 143bP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 15/eP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 16PP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X'*?Oval 17PP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  X(*?Oval 189NP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XU*?Oval 195QP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X8l*?Oval 20s3P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  Xxz*?Oval 21 s3P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  Xq*?Oval 22:q1P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  Xȋ*?Oval 236t4P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XX*?Oval 24]P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XȖ*?Oval 25(]P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  Xh*?Oval 26B[P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X͖*?Oval 27>^P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  XЖ*?Oval 28P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2   Xۖ*?Oval 29"P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 ! 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Xh*?Oval 43FP P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 / X8*?Oval 44r 2 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 0 X*?Oval 451r 2 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 1 Xx*?Oval 46Kp 0 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 2 X8*?Oval 47Gs 3 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 3 X*?Oval 48^  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 4 XH*?Oval 497^  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 5 X*?Oval 50Q\  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 6 X*?Oval 51M_  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 7 X(*?Oval 52  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 8 X *?Oval 537  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 9 X<*?Oval 54Q  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 : Xx@*?Oval 55M  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 ; X\*?Oval 56 o P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 < Xhr*?Oval 57? o P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 = XȀ*?Oval 58Y m P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 > X*?Oval 59U p P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 ? X*?Oval 60  RP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 @ X*?Oval 61@ RP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 A X*?Oval 62Z PP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 B Xǘ*?Oval 63V SP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 C Xʘ*?Oval 64&~>P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 D X*?Oval 65F~>P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 E X*?Oval 66`| <P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 F X*?Oval 67\?P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 G X*?Oval 686P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 H Xx*?Oval 69VP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 I X*?Oval 70p0P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 J XH-*?Oval 71l,P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xxi  Hd*?Text Box 74/<|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 e4 heads$  V]8Xxi  HX*?Text Box 75"|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 e3 heads$  V]8Xxi  H*?Text Box 76=|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 e2 heads$  V]8Xxh  H*?Text Box 77( hH|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 d1 head$  V]8Xxi  HH*?Text Box 78.|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 e0 heads$  V]8Xx{  Hئ*?Text Box 790 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 wcontinued on next slide$f  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" -%FF( j, 2   x,0e0e?Rectangle 2Q   fEntropy (cont.)(  2v 4, C (Group 3"B'2  V$,?Oval 46P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  V8 ,?Oval 56P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2   VR*?Oval 614P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2   V ,?Oval 7-7P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2   V}*?Oval 8dP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2   Vf*?Oval 9dP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2   Xh*?Oval 103bP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  Xp*?Oval 11/eP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X诙*?Oval 12PP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X8*?Oval 13PP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  X˙*?Oval 149NP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  Xә*?Oval 155QP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 16s3P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 17 s3P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 18:q1P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  X(*?Oval 196t4P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X*?Oval 20]P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X+*?Oval 21(]P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  X:*?Oval 22B[P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XJ*?Oval 23>^P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  X(X*?Oval 24P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  XY*?Oval 25"P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2  X(b*?Oval 26<P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XH*?Oval 278P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2  XHo*?Oval 28oP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2   X*?Oval 29(oP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 ! X*?Oval 30BmP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 " X*?Oval 31>pP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 # Xȳ*?Oval 32 RP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 $ Xxt1?Oval 33)RP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 % X $?Oval 34CPP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 & X $?Oval 35?SP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 ' X1*?Oval 36O P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 ( X81*?Oval 370O P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 ) XXE*?Oval 38J M P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 * XS*?Oval 39FP P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 + Xa*?Oval 40r 2 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 , Xl*?Oval 411r 2 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 - X\*?Oval 42Kp 0 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 . Xxy*?Oval 43Gs 3 P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 / Xh*?Oval 44^  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 0 XX*?Oval 457^  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 1 X*?Oval 46Q\  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typograph      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~y 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 2 X(8*?Oval 47M_  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 3 X(N*?Oval 48  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 4 XA*?Oval 497  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 5 Xxj*?Oval 50Q  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 6 Xx*?Oval 51M  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 7 XN*?Oval 52 o P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 8 X8*?Oval 53? o P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 9 XH*?Oval 54Y m P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 : X*?Oval 55U p P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 ; X*?Oval 56  RP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 < X¡*?Oval 57@ RP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 = Xš*?Oval 58Z PP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 > X4?Oval 59V SP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 ? X(ӡ*?Oval 60&~>P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sH0(&$  V]8Xx2 @ XH4?Oval 61F~>P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 A XH݃5?Oval 62`| <P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 B X5?Oval 63\?P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 C XXH|:?Oval 646P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 D X8I|:?Oval 65VP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 E XȖl+?Oval 66p0P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx2 F Xl+?Oval 67l,P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 sT0(&$  V]8Xx`  c $A ?? Z  H8,?Text Box 71*JFd \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH vMacrostate 3 (the group w/ 3 heads) is the most probable since it contains the most microstates (com- binations). Macrostate 2 has 6 microstates, so its probability is 6 / 16 = 3 / 8. This macrostate is the most random, or disordered, since there are so many ways 2 heads can come up in 4 flips. Entropy is a measure of disorder, and for this system it s at a max when in macrostate 2. Minimum entropy occurs when the coins are in macrostate 0 or 4, since there is a high degree of order in these states--only one microstate each. These are the least likely microstates to occur.J$f&f$f & f$f& f$f& f $ f J V]8Xxk  H,?Text Box 72b |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 g continued  $  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"  Q I  ( (,H,zSmM (   xP|:0e0e?Rectangle 2`   \Entropy (cont.)    FJ,?Text Box 3 Qd___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  rSuppose our coin system is in macrostate 4 (all heads). This represents maximum order, minimum entropy. Every so often one of the coins is chosen at random and flipped. With each flip there is a 50-50 chance that the macrostate will change. With time (after enough flips), it is doubtful that the system will still be in the minimum entropy state. It is much more likely to be in macrostate 2, the state with the most entropy. The 2nd Law states that during any process the universe moves toward more probably states--states with more entropy. It is possible to decrease the entropy of our coin system by physically turning all tails over so that there are all heads, but in doing this we must expend energy. This energy expenditure increases the entropy of our surroundings more than it decreases the entropy of the system. Thus the entropy of the universe is increased.0s (  s V]8Xxw  F,?Text Box 40 ~P|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ucontinued on next slide$  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"    > (  (   xC*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   \Entropy (cont.)    F,?Text Box 4`X|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 =In our coin example we only dealt with four coins. In real life even a quadrillion atoms or molecules might not be very much. (A single bacterium contains about 100 billion atoms.) How much more likely is it for a system to be in its highest entropy state than in its lowest? It depends on how big the system is:>>$f > V]8Xxx  <A ??.s'    F,?Text Box 79  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 This means that if 100 coins were dumped on the floor it is about 100 billion billion billion times more likely for half the coins to come up heads than for all of them to be heads!$  V]8Xx  F,?Text Box 80~P|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 6See next slide to see how these ratios are calculated.77$ 7 V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"u -u%ut( he coins 4   xX>*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   hEntropy: Statistics Formula n  FX,?Text Box 3HXd___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  4We ve seen that there are six ways to get exactly two heads in four flips. There were only sixteen combinations of four heads and tails, so we just listed them and counted how many had exactly two heads. But you wouldn t want to have to list all the combinations in fifty flips, since there are 250 combos over a quadrillion lines of 50 H s and T s! So we ll use some math instead. The number of ways to place 50 H s in 100 spots is  100 choose 50, which is written like this:0* (   V]8Xxv p6  C (Group 7"p& i  F8l+?Text Box 40 6 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 _100 50   V]8Xxe  Fxl+?Text Box 5p |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 [("6  V]8Xxe  Fl+?Text Box 68 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 [)"6  V]8Xx  F,?Text Box 80 hP P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 t In general, &  $  V]8Xx  H,?Text Box 10 x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(   n rdFg g g g    V]8Xx  H,?Text Box 11p p P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 y(6g<g<  V]8Xx  H} ,?Text Box 12pp  P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 x )4eg<  V]8Xxg  H ,?Text Box 13 x_ |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 c= g  V]8Xx  Hx ,?Text Box 14|< d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  n !Ng gg   V]8XxnB  F?Line 15 $ F  H=*?Text Box 16  -  x  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography x___PPT10XP  Fr ! (n  r ) !g gg  g  g g gg  g $g$   V]8Xx  H(*?Text Box 18  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 dLet s try out the formula with 2 heads in 4 flips:33$ 3 V]8Xxx PP  C *Group 27" `Vi  HR,?Text Box 20 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ] 4 2   V]8Xxi  Hl+?Text Box 21PP |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ]( "6  V]8Xxh  Hhl+?Text Box 22\ |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 \) "6  V]8Xx  H*?Text Box 23D ddd___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  u4 !0 "    V]8XxnB  F?Line 24L8L  HX9*?Text Box 25@,< `___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( 2 ! (4  2) !J "   "    V]8Xx^  H,?Text Box 26 @|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 Z =   V]8XxV  H<*?Text Box 28D  d,___PPT11    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10ph      4 3 2 1 "   "  "  "  $"$ ( (,", 0 0  V]8XxnB  F?Line 29X x X  H*?Text Box 30X x   ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10`X   (2 1) (2 1)  "   "   "   " $ $( (  V]8Xx  Hנ*?Text Box 31 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 5= 6, as we showed by listing combinations66  6 V]8Xx_  H*?Text Box 32  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 [ =   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"a ( zSmM 5   x8Ȁ*0e0e?Rectangle 2C   iEntropy & Fluids* A   F*?Text Box 3ch( ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( BSuppose a beaker of very hot water is poured into an aquarium of cool water. Conservation of energy would not be violated if all the hot water remained right at the spot where it was poured. But the 2nd Law demands that the thermal energy eventually become evenly distributed. The cool water has molecules moving at a wide range of speeds (red = fast; blue = slow). Since the water is cool, there are more blues than reds. The hot water poured in has mostly red. The aquarium has less disorder (entropy) when all the fast molecules are in one spot than when they are mixed in. With time a much more likely situation exists, with a much higher entropy. continuedL (   $ f   V]8Xxr2  V*?Oval 5pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  V(*?Oval 6@0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  V*?Oval 7 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  VX#*?Oval 8 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  V!*?Oval 9@0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X:*?Oval 10 @L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X?*?Oval 11 PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XZ*?Oval 12@ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XW*?Oval 130PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XhH*?Oval 14 N L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xp*?Oval 15P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XX*?Oval 16`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XH*?Oval 17@pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XX*?Oval 18_ ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xد*?Oval 19 P` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xȼ*?Oval 20`  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xx*?Oval 21 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X8ց*?Oval 22P  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xԁ*?Oval 23 p@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 24p P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 25@   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X *?Oval 26 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XhU*?Oval 27  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 28> . L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X**?Oval 29P   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X8/*?Oval 30 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X8;*?Oval 31 P@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XG*?Oval 32 =_ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XXT*?Oval 33 #!L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ! X"*?Oval 34 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 " Xxm*?Oval 35 Q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 # X8*?Oval 36@ 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 $ Xȏ*?Oval 370 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 % X*?Oval 38L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 & X`*?Oval 39@PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ' X賂*?Oval 40 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ( X*?Oval 41pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ) XX̂*?Oval 42``L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 * Xق*?Oval 43PPL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 + X*?Oval 440 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 , Xh*?Oval 45 BkL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 - X*?Oval 46 ` 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 . X *?Oval 47@ ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 / Xx*?Oval 48ppL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 0 X(%*?Oval 49@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 1 X1*?Oval 500 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 2 X>*?Oval 51`pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 3 X8K*?Oval 52#L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 4 XW*?Oval 53 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 5 Xd*?Oval 54 pp L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx 6 \Hq*f3?Rectangle 55 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx 7 \xu*f3?Rectangle 56 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx 8 \*f3?Rectangle 57N` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 9 X*?Oval 68pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 : X*?Oval 69p`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ; XH*?Oval 70@0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 < X8*?Oval 71R5L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 = XX˃*?Oval 72 P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 > XɃ*?Oval 73 #q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ? X׃*?Oval 74b  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 @ X*?Oval 752 v L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 A XH*?Oval 76 Q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 B X*?Oval 77 3! L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 C Xh *?Oval 78Q  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 D X*?Oval 79N  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 E X%*?Oval 80 y< L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 F X2*?Oval 81  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 G X>*?Oval 82 P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 H X8K*?Oval 83O m L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 I XW*?Oval 84   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 J XXd*?Oval 85 } L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 K Xp*?Oval 86? ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 L Xx}*?Oval 87P p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 M X*?Oval 88 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 N X*?Oval 89 ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 O X(*?Oval 90 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 P X*?Oval 91  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 Q XH*?Oval 92P P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 R XȄ*?Oval 9300L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 S XhՄ*?Oval 94 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 T X*?Oval 95 0 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 U X*?Oval 96 @0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 V X*?Oval 97` @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 W X*?Oval 98  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 X X8*?Oval 99 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 Y Z *?Oval 100 @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 Z ZX-*?Oval 101 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 [ Z9*?Oval 102 pp L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 \ ZxF*?Oval 1030 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx ] dS*?AutoShape 105 P p|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 dtime($  V]8Xxv2 ^ Z_*?Oval 106rpL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 _ ZHv*?Oval 107p2L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 ` Zx*?Oval 108"   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 a ZX*?Oval 109 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 b Z8*?Oval 110B L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 c Z螅*?Oval 111 pBL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 d Zx*?Oval 112 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 e Zx*?Oval 113BP L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 f Zhą*?Oval 114 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 g ZЅ*?Oval 115 >L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 h ZX݅*?Oval 116 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 i Z*?Oval 117 bL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 j Zx*?Oval 118B`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 k Z*?Oval 119a M L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 l Z*?Oval 120 @b L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 m Z(*?Oval 121b @ L___PPT11,         !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|~hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 n Z(*?Oval 122 " L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 o ZH5*?Oval 123R p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 p ZA*?Oval 124 BL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 q ZhN*?Oval 125r @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 r ZZ*?Oval 126B P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 s Zg*?Oval 127 2 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 t Zt*?Oval 128 " L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 u Z*?Oval 129@  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 v Z8*?Oval 130R P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 w Zș*?Oval 131` P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 x ZX*?Oval 132 @BL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 y ZĆ*?Oval 133 -a L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 z ZX*?Oval 134 #L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 { Zf*?Oval 135  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 | Z8s*?Oval 136 sS L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 } Z*?Oval 137B   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 ~ Zx*?Oval 1382L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 139pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z貍*?Oval 140pRL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(*?Oval 141L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 142r L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zˍ*?Oval 143PbL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z׍*?Oval 144RL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zp#?Oval 145 "L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(\G8?Oval 146 rmL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(3?Oval 1472L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZxB>+?Oval 148BL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 149`rL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zx*?Oval 1500L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 151`"L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX)?Oval 152bL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX)?Oval 153SL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8G9)?Oval 154 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z^*?Oval 155 r L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxz  ^X3f3?Rectangle 156 HL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxz  ^H)f3?Rectangle 157  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxz  ^83f3?Rectangle 158P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z@>+?Oval 159`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZBl7?Oval 160`bL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(G)?Oval 161`@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZG)?Oval 162p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZT)?Oval 163  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z4?Oval 164 s L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZXm1?Oval 165d 6 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8m1?Oval 1664  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 167 #S L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 168   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zx+*?Oval 169S 3 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z9*?Oval 170P D L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(8*?Oval 171 i> L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZE*?Oval 172 p" L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX#*?Oval 173 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zj*?Oval 174Q ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8i*?Oval 175! = L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zy*?Oval 176 m  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 177A  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZȜ*?Oval 178R ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zx*?Oval 179 0b L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 180  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 181 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZH*?Oval 182 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 183R @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8*?Oval 184`2L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 185 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX*?Oval 186 `b L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 187 02 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zx*?Oval 188b 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 189 M L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z)*?Oval 190" ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(6*?Oval 191 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZB*?Oval 192 @r L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZHO*?Oval 193 `r L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z[*?Oval 19420L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" .&( zSmM J   x(,0e0e?Rectangle 2Cx   ~Entropy & Fluids (cont.)6 A    p  F(؀*?Text Box 3i d \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH Imagine how many different ways you could take 100 blue balls and paint 8 of them red. There are about 1.86 1011 ways to do this. Many, many more of those ways look like the picture on the right than on the left. The diffusion of perfume from an open bottle throughout a room is also a consequence of the 2nd Law. Unlike diffusion, though, the  hot water molecules don t necessarily have to move so that they are spread out evenly. Convection currents will allow some to move, but it is really the heat energy rather than the molecules themselves that must distribute itself equally throughout the aquarium.~hl "   "  ( (/  h V]8Xxr2  V,?Oval 4ppL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  Vր*?Oval 5p0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  V8@)?Oval 6   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  V ,?Oval 7 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  VQ8?Oval 8@ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxr2  VQ8?Oval 9 p@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xx3?Oval 10 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 11@P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XXՀ*?Oval 12 .L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X.*?Oval 13 > L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XC*?Oval 14 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XB*?Oval 15 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X87*?Oval 16@`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xh]*?Oval 17_ M L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X\*?Oval 18 @` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xt*?Oval 19` @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X8h*?Oval 20  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 21P p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xh*?Oval 22 @L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 23p @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xx*?Oval 24@ P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xx*?Oval 25 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XX#)?Oval 26  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X#)?Oval 27>  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X#)?Oval 28P P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X#)?Oval 29^ P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X)`%?Oval 30 @@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XxR(?Oval 31 -_ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 32 !L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ! XX *?Oval 33  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 " XhN(?Oval 34 sQ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 # XX*?Oval 35@   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 $ X"*?Oval 360L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 % X7*?Oval 37pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 & XX<*?Oval 38pPL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ' XXH*?Oval 39L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ( XT*?Oval 40p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ) Xxa*?Oval 41P`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 * Xn*?Oval 42PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 + Xz*?Oval 43  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 , X(*?Oval 44 rkL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 - X*?Oval 450L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 . XH*?Oval 46@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 / Xج*?Oval 47`pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 0 Xh*?Oval 480L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 1 X*?Oval 49` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 2 X*?Oval 50`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 3 X*?Oval 51SL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 4 X*?Oval 52 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 5 X8*?Oval 53 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx 6 \*f3?Rectangle 54 HL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx 7 \X*f3?Rectangle 55  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx 8 \H*f3?Rectangle 56N L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 9 X**?Oval 57`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 : X7*?Oval 58``L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ; XXD*?Oval 59^@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 < XP*?Oval 60pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 = XH]*?Oval 61 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 > Xi*?Oval 62 q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ? Xhv*?Oval 63b 6 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 @ X*?Oval 642  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 A X*?Oval 65 #Q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 B X*?Oval 66   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 C X*?Oval 67Q 3 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 D X8*?Oval 68N D L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 E X*?Oval 69 i< L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 F XX*?Oval 70 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 G X*?Oval 71 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 H Xx*?Oval 72O ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 I X*?Oval 73 =  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 J Xh *?Oval 74 m  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 K XJ ?Oval 75?  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 L X4?Oval 76P ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 M X4?Oval 77 0` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 N X(fK)?Oval 78  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 O X4?Oval 79 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 P Xy*?Oval 80 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 Q X8, ,?Oval 81P @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 R X(/?Oval 82`0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 S Xh0+?Oval 83 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 T XR?Oval 84 `` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 U XH'G)?Oval 85 00 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 V X*?Oval 86` 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 W X*?Oval 87 M L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 X X*?Oval 88 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 Y XH.*?Oval 89 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 Z X,*?Oval 90 @p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 [ Xx2*?Oval 91 `p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 \ X8`*?Oval 9200L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ] XS*?Oval 93pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ^ Xxm*?Oval 94@0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 _ X8z*?Oval 95 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 ` Xl*?Oval 96 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 a X*?Oval 97@0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 b X(*?Oval 98 @L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2 c X*?Oval 99 PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 d Z*?Oval 100@ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 e ZH*?Oval 1010PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 f Z*?Oval 102 N L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 g Zh*?Oval 103P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 h Z8*?Oval 104`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 i ZX*?Oval 105@pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 j Z8*?Oval 106_ ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 k Z*?Oval 107 P` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 l Z*?Oval 108`  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 m Z *?Oval 109 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 n Z**?Oval 110P  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 o Zx*?Oval 111 p@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 p ZN*?Oval 112p P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 q ZM*?Oval 113@   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 r Z(S*?Oval 114 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 s Z8t*?Oval 115  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 t Z*?Oval 116> . L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 u Z؃*?Oval 117P   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 v ZX*?Oval 118 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 w Z*?Oval 119 P@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 x Zx*?Oval 120 =_ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 y Z*?Oval 121 #!L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 z Z*?Oval 122 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 { Z(*?Oval 123 Q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 | Z*?Oval 124@ 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 } ZH*?Oval 1250 L___PPT11,         !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxz{|}~hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2 ~ Z*?Oval 126L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zh*?Oval 127@PL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z *?Oval 128 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 129pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z'*?Oval 130``L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z3*?Oval 131PPL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8@*?Oval 1320 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZL*?Oval 133 BkL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZXY*?Oval 134 ` 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Ze*?Oval 135@ ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zxr*?Oval 136ppL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 137@L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 1380 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(*?Oval 139`pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 140#L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZH*?Oval 141 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zؽ*?Oval 142 pp L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxz  ^h*f3?Rectangle 143 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxz  ^*f3?Rectangle 144 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxz  ^*f3?Rectangle 145N` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 146pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zh*?Oval 147p`L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z *?Oval 148@0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX*?Oval 149R5L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z"*?Oval 150 P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zx/*?Oval 151 #q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z<*?Oval 152b  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZH*?Oval 1532 v L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(U*?Oval 154 Q L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Za*?Oval 155 3! L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZHn*?Oval 156Q  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zz*?Oval 157N  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zh*?Oval 158 y< L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 159  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 160 P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 161O m L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 162   L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8*?Oval 163 } L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 164? ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX*?Oval 165P p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 166 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zx*?Oval 167 ] L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 168 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 169  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z(*?Oval 170P P L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z**?Oval 17100L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZH7*?Oval 172 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZC*?Oval 173 0 ` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZhP*?Oval 174 @0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z\*?Oval 175` @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zi*?Oval 176  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zv*?Oval 177 0 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z*?Oval 178 @ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Z8*?Oval 179 p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  Zț*?Oval 180 pp L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv2  ZX*?Oval 1810 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" ) ((](( ~XzSmM    xA)0e0e?Rectangle 2-   7Entropy Example 1   FA)?Text Box 3H&N~ d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  hStooges build a card house. Inevitably, Moe smacks Curly upside the head, and Curly bumps the table, knockings down the cards. The potential energy the cards had before falling is converted into thermal energy, and the room is warmed up ever so slightly. The 2nd Law prohibits the room from cooling a little so that the card house can spontaneously rebuild itself, even though energy would be conserved. As a card house the cards are very organized. They re in a low entropy state. In a jumble on the table, they are very unorganized and in a high entropy state. Moreover, the air in the room has more entropy when heated because thermal energy is just the random motions of molecules.0 (   V]8Xxz  RA??Picture 9 !x z  C *Group 20" }  bxǃ5?Rectangle 10[1L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  b] 8?Rectangle 12a[L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx   hZԃ5?Rectangle 11:mL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx   b,?Rectangle 13`` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx   bm+?Rectangle 14` L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx   hZ\ 8?Rectangle 15?L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx   b(2m+?Rectangle 17a[L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  bH",?Rectangle 18Q[L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  hZIm+?Rectangle 19sz3L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  HhA)?Text Box 226 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 The hotter the air, the more random motion the molecules have. The stooges could decrease the entropy of the cards by rebuilding the house, but in doing so they would expend energy, which would heat up the room a little. The cards entropy would decrease, but the air s would increase even more. Overall, entropy goes up!EE  E V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"o     (     x(P*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   7Entropy Example 2 z  RA??Picture 3S   F8Hm+?Text Box 4had___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  RMoe kicks a football in quintessential Stooge fashion. While the ball is flying through the air, its got kinetic as well as thermal energy. When it lands on the ground the ball no longer has kinetic energy, which goes into increasing the thermal energy of the air, ground, and ball. Energy is conserved, but there is a net gain of entropy for the universe. The kinetic energy the ball had was very organized: All the molecules in the ball were pretty much moving in the same direction. The thermal energy, on the other hand, is not organized at all, since it is a consequence of random molecular motions. The 2nd Law guarantees that the ball won t suddenly absorb heat from its surroundings and come flying back at Curly s head, since this would mean a decrease in the total entropy of the universe.0*i (  * V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"N 0( WzSmM    xO*0e0e?Rectangle 2;y   BMost Probable = Least Useful T  Fw,?Text Box 3%_@d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10   Kinetic energy, with many molecules moving in the same direction, represents an  organized form of energy. Chemical potential energy, such as that contained in oil, is organized as well, since oil is comprised of long hydrocarbons with very specific arrangements of atoms. Gravitational potential energy is organized too, as in the card house. All of these energies can be used to do useful work, such as lifting objects, generating electricity, etc. Thermal energy is always disordered unless there is a separation of temperatures. If hot water is separated from cold water, heat can flow and work can be done. An object or fluid with uniform temperature has uniformly distributed thermal energy and can t do any useful work. Unfortunately, this high entropy state is the most probable. Many scientists believe that the ultimate fate of the universe is a  heat death in which the whole universe is at one uniform temp. This would represent maximum entropy. No life could exist, since life requires energy uptake and expenditure. This can t happen if the universe has only thermal energy.@j_j $f  M V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"YI HH@ H( "X,     xhA)0e0e?Rectangle 2`   @Change in Entropy Equation v  Fhm+?Text Box 3z~|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 tBecause most systems are many up of so many particles, calculating entropy via probabilities would be very difficult. Fortunately, we are normally concerned only with changes in entropy. If we have a system in which energy is not changing forms, the change in entropy is defined as:   V]8Xxg  Fhpm+?Text Box 7O / t |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 eT"g$  V]8Xxv  F}m+?Text Box 4- ___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 D S = $ $   $g$  V]8Xx   FA)?Text Box 5 $x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(   D Q h$ $ g $  V]8Xx~B  Vo?Line 6$   Fȑm+?Text Box 9  ___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial &Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      D S = change in entropy D Q = change in internal energy (heat flow) T = absolute temperatureg     $$((,,%004488<<  g V]8Xx  H8m+?Text Box 10 D|t___PPT11|   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says that during any process: D Suniverse = D Ssystem + D Ssurroundings 0rn (5      $$((,,004488 <<  n V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"ak kjPj(  V* g  H*?Text Box 264 pt {|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 c291 K&f3  V]8Xxn  J(v,?Rectangle 288 _  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 h3200 J  f3  V]8Xxg  H8i*?Text Box 300 w|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 c458 K&f3  V]8XxzB  Rf3?Line 31J  J     xi*0e0e?Rectangle 2J   ?Change in Entropy Example F  FHi*?Text Box 3s\|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 DA glass rod is heated and then blown by a glassblower. When it is at 185C it is brought outside to cool. 3200 J of heat are transferred from the glass to the air, which is at 18C. Find the change in entropy of the universe:$  V]8Xx#  Nx5n+?Rectangle 4~ Y xpX___PPT1180   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10         D Suniverse = D Ssystem + D Ssurroundings = D Sglass + D Sair@A    $$((,,004488 <<     $$ ((,, A V]8Xxz  RA??Picture 6z  RA??Picture 8'  HH*?Text Box 12  d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  TglassPgfofgf  V]8Xx  H*?Rectangle 9~ l x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  D Qglassn  f ff f  V]8XxzB  Rf?Line 11    H*?Text Box 14 e : d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  TairPgfofgf  V]8Xx  J(n*?Rectangle 10  x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(   D Qairn f ff f  V]8XxzB  Rf?Line 13 g  H*?Text Box 16+ z r |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 c+ gf  V]8Xxg  H~*?Text Box 17M   |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 c= gf  V]8Xxc  Hș*?Text Box 18  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 _=&f3  V]8Xx  J*?Rectangle 271 x P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 -3200 J6 f3f3  V]8XxzB  Rf3?Line 29F F c  H*?Text Box 32 pP |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 _+&f3  V]8Xxc  Hؿ*?Text Box 34pp D<|___PPT11\T   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      #= -7 J / K + 11 J / K = + 4 J / K :$&& & & && &&  & $&$(&(,&, 0&04&4 8&8<&< & $ V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"E EE`>E( ["˞zSmM D   xm+0e0e?Rectangle 2`   x"Change in Entropy Example (cont.)(# #C  FHm+?Text Box 3_::88___PPT1188   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10                $ As the glass cooled we assumed that the air temp didn t go up appreciably due after the heat transfer, which would have compli-cated the problem. Important points: The temps were converted to kelvins. The glass lost as much thermal energy as air gained, as the 1st Law requires. D Qglass is negative since the glass lost thermal energy so D Sglass is also negative. D Qair is positive since the air gained thermal energy so D Sair is also positive. Even though the D Q s are the same size, the D S s aren t, since the temps are different. The positive D S is greater than the negative D S, as the 2nd Law requires. ( ( %$ > $ f,f$f $ $$((,,40$04488<<$  $ fffff4 $ f$$f((f,,f00f4$4f8 8<$<  $$((f,,f00f44f88f<<f fff   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"@ p( (ފ,zSmM     x,0e0e?Rectangle 24x   =Second Law Consequences   Fˊ,?Text Box 4`   ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10h`    l Heat will not flow from a cold body to a hot body.  Reverse diffusion is a no-no (such as smoke from a fire isolating itself in a small space). An object or fluid of uniform temperature (no matter how hot) cannot do useful work. (There must be temperature difference so that there will be a heat flow, which can be used to do work.) The various forms of energy tend to degrade over time to thermal energy. This represents useful, low probability forms of energy converting into an unusable, high probability form. Without input of energy, bodies tend to reach thermal equilibrium. (We can maintain temperature differences via refrigerators or heating units, but this requires energy.) 3&&_" & &&"&C & $&$g(&(,&,  V]8Xx  NA)?Rectangle 501P|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 wcontinued on next slide $f  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"  P H  ( , B   xxi*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   v Second Law Consequences (cont.)(! !  FHLm+?Text Box 40g___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 6 Any time we do something that decreases the entropy of a system, the energy we expend in doing it increases the entropy of the surroundings even more. A perpetual motion machine is impossible to make. A perpetual motion machine is a device that would absorb thermal energy from a hot body and do as much work as the energy it absorbed. (See pics on next slide.) During any process the entropy of the universe cannot decrease. Expending energy to decrease the entropy of a system will lead to an increase in entropy for the surrounding by a greater amount. |6 "&& " &$ 7 V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"  $$a( zSmM    x(*0e0e?Rectangle 2&y   2 Heat Engines D  # Z*  ?Rectangle 5x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography                              ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z | } ~  hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Cold Reservoir, TC\($em e   V]8Xxl2  P!*?Oval 9 K L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \2*?Rectangle 10 =L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2  b2* ?Oval 6l  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 fEngine($  V]8Xxn2  RG*?Oval 11)YL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  ZK*?Rectangle 8\ 3 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxC  # ZX`*  ?Rectangle 3l'' x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Hot Reservoir, TH\($em e   V]8Xxn2  R(n*?Oval 12 J L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  bZp*?Rectangle 13 E L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xu*?Oval 14 e: L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxn2  R*?Oval 15 ; L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  ^>?Line 16 WW   H*?Text Box 17 * d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QHJeme  V]8XxB  ^>?Line 18 WW<  H*?Text Box 19 ; d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QCJeme  V]8XxB  ^>?Line 20 J g  Hx˛*?Text Box 21  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 cW e  V]8Xxv  HHƛ*?Text Box 22g:s___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      ^A heat engine takes advantage of temp differences to produce useful work. The amount of work done depends on the size of the reservoirs, engine efficiency, and the temp difference (TH - TC). QH is the heat that flows from the hot region; QC is the heat flowing into the cold region. W is the useful work done by engine. The smaller QC is, the more efficient the engine is. The engine on the right satisfies the 1st Law but violates the 2nd Law, i.e., 100% efficiency is unattainable.4_ ai a ai a i -$ $(a(,i,_0 04a48i8N< <( (-   V]8Xx  H*?Text Box 234P d \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH  Real engine. QH = QC + W efefmf e fefmfefef e f  V]8XxF  # Zx*  ?Rectangle 24 x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Cold Reservoir, TC\($em e   V]8Xxn2  R(*?Oval 25 wK L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2  dX* ?Oval 27l e |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 fEngine($  V]8Xxx  \*?Rectangle 29\ t3 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxE  # Z(M*  ?Rectangle 30l  x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Hot Reservoir, TH\($em e   V]8Xxn2  RX*?Oval 31 yJ L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  bZ.*?Rectangle 32 VE L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  XH_*?Oval 33 .: L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxn2  Ry*?Oval 34 Z; L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  ^>?Line 35     Hhx*?Text Box 36 s d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QHJeme  V]8Xx1 ! Hؠ*?Text Box 38 ! ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( QC = 0 teme m e  V]8XxB " ^>?Line 39  g # H*?Text Box 40  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 cW e  V]8Xx@ $ H藉*?Text Box 41 ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( Impossible engine. QH = Wpefefmf e fef  V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" &&Z( Ê,    xx,0e0e?Rectangle 2   3 Refrigerators D  # ZX,  ?Rectangle 3x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Cold Reservoir, TC\($em e   V]8Xxl2  P?Oval 4 zK L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  Z*?Rectangle 5 =L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2  bD) ?Oval 6l h |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 fEngine($  V]8Xxl2  P5?Oval 7)YL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  Z85?Rectangle 8\ w3 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxC  # Z*  ?Rectangle 9l x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Hot Reservoir, TH\($em e   V]8Xxn2  R8*?Oval 10 |J L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  bZ*?Rectangle 11 YE L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  X*?Oval 12 1: L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxn2  R*?Oval 13 ]; L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  ^>?Line 14 ##   H"*?Text Box 15 v d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QHJeme  V]8XxB  ^>?Line 16 ##<  HH&*?Text Box 17  d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QCJeme  V]8XxB  ^>?Line 18  g  H%*?Text Box 19  |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 cW e  V]8Xx  H@*?Text Box 20 d \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH Real fridge. QC + W = QH efefmf e fefefefmf e f  V]8Xx  H7*?Text Box 35 ,$___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography `___PPT10@8  Impossible fridge. QC = QH efefmf e fefmfef  V]8XxF  # Z8`*  ?Rectangle 36P Px___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Cold Reservoir, TC\($em e   V]8Xxn2  RhX*?Oval 37 GO L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \E*?Rectangle 38 \ AL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2  d8\* ?Oval 39p % |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 fEngine($  V]8Xxn2  Rx*?Oval 40-P]L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \9*?Rectangle 41` S7 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxE  # Z*  ?Rectangle 42p  x___PPT11XP   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography H___PPT10(  Hot Reservoir, TH\($em e   V]8Xxn2  RX*?Oval 43 I N L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx~  bZ(*?Rectangle 44 I L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxt2  Xh*?Oval 45 > L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxn2  R*?Oval 46 B? L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB ! ^>?Line 47   " H(*?Text Box 48  d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QHJeme  V]8XxB # ^>?Line 49 @ $ HH*?Text Box 50  d___PPT11D<    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  QCJeme  V]8Xx % H*?Text Box 52 ` P___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10 {W = 04ee  V]8XxL & H.*?Text Box 53d \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH hA refrigerator forces heat from a cold region into a warmer one. It takes work to do this, otherwise the 2nd Law would be violated. Can a fridge be left open in the summer to provide a make shift air condi-tioner? Nope, since all heat pumped out of the fridge is pumped back into the kitchen. Since QH > QC because of the work done, leaving the refrigerator open would actually make your house hotter! k (  a iaaia   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"! +!#! ( zSmM    x8A*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   3 Specific Heat   F6*?Text Box 3f___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      nSpecific heat is defined as the amount of thermal energy needed to raise a unit mass of substance a unit of temperature. Its symbol is C. For example, one way to express the specific heat of water is one calorie per gram per degree Celsius: C = 1 cal / (g C), or 4.186 J / (g C). This means it would take 20 cal of thermal energy to raise 4 grams of water 5 C. Water has a very high specific heat, so it takes more energy to heat up water than it would to heat up most other substances (of the same mass) by the same amount. Oceans and lake act like  heat sinks storing thermal energy absorbed in the summer and slowing releasing it during the winter. Large bodies of water thereby help to make local climates less extreme in temperature from season to season.  aj  a   " "  $"$( (,",0 04"4 8 8<"<  "  "    V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"P II @I(     xh,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   <Specific Heat Equation   F8,?Text Box 3`%,$___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography `___PPT10@8 Q = m C DT g0gg0 g 00g0  V]8Xx  FX ,?Text Box 4RB   ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10`X    Q = thermal energy m = mass C = specific heat DT = change in tempL&fgf&f g f &fgf&ff  f$$f(&(f L V]8Xx   F6,?Text Box 5 X @___PPT11    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10xp      Ex: The specific heat of silicon is 703 J / (kg C). How much energy is needed to raise a 7 kg chunk of silicon 10 C ? answer:*""" " "" "" C " $"$ ("(,", 0"04&4  V]8XxQv I  C *Group 14#"PK!{[Content_Types].xml|AN0EH,BI F$- qڲAK{4fg`bhlz39,7U=DdQhVN9GLUHe2!gu]]k(#*kzky_O&鴷Vb\D:r g.dUg3Uc8O.͹᭜&9R~_,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PK!0\drs/downrev.xmlDOk@ouDĊP#Lٷ!͟o-zf76M#z\mYA@V\*?pYccL ͞h;'g_a6tKn;>Ȯ!M#WQ* *li_Q8lqO5I|6 i+nPK-!{[Content_Types].xmlPK-!Z,[ _rels/.relsPK-!0\drs/downrev.xmlPK `,$D    C *Group 13" ,$D w   N8ɚ*?Rectangle 8' z |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 e703 J &  V]8Xx1   N*?Rectangle 9z ___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( kg Cf && & & &  V]8Xx   F,?Text Box 6 FP___PPT110(   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 8___PPT10  Q = 7 kg 4g &  V]8XxB  P?Line 7  >   PH*?Rectangle 10  J___PPT11ld   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography P___PPT100( 10 C = 49 210 Jf && & & &  V]8Xx  Hɚ*?Text Box 12I$D |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 :Note that the units do indeed work out to be energy units.;;$ ; V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33______PPT10+™Dj' = @B D%' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB B%(E' => B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?`CB4*#ppt_wBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?`CB4*#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*+"3 L3D33( <    xH50e0e?Rectangle 2`   M Calorimetry # Z  F5?Text Box 3`|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 X$  V]8Xxv  Z8K*?Rectangle 4w/XL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  Ze*f3?Rectangle 9/L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \],f3?Rectangle 10L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \~*f3?Rectangle 11W/L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxx  \H*f3?Rectangle 14;|L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx  HH*?Text Box 15J bd \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH 2Schmedrick takes another horseshoe out of the fire when it s at 275 C, drops in his bucket of water, and this time covers the bucket. The bucket and cover are made of an insulating material. The bucket contains 2.5 L of water originally at 25 C. The 1.9 kg shoe is made of iron, which has a specific heat of 448 J / (kg C). Let s find the temp of the horseshoe and water once equilibrium is reached.~? "   "  " "R   V]8Xx  HH*?Text Box 167" yd___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  nLet s assume that the container allows no heat to escape. Then the 1st Law implies that all heat the shoe loses is gained by the water. Since one milliliter of water has a mass of one gram, the bucket contains 2.5 kg of water. At thermal equilibrium the water and shoe are at the same temp. The total thermal energy in the bucket does not change, but it is redistributed.<yE$,2$ y V]8Xxy  HX*?Text Box 20r |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ucontinued on next slide$  V]8Xx x  O `  C *8Group 21"} B    h*BCDEFQFR&UVW0?58;+?h:eje8a|aFF @       ;?ejaaFreeform 22 `L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2  ^x*?Oval 23b O R L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx2  ^:*?Oval 24 l u L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___" | {{]{( Lj, :   xH50e0e?Rectangle 2`   nCalorimetry (cont.), ## &  H5?Rectangle 3+""!___PPT11t!l!   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography  ___PPT10           RLet T = the equilibrium temperature. Q lost by iron = Q gained by water miron Ciron DTiron = mwater Cwater DTwater&v a  "  c"   c $"$ ( (,c,0k04c4 8c8 ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | ~  hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10          S(1.9 kg) (448 J / kg C) (275 C - T) = (2.5 kg) (4186 J / kg C) (T - 25 C) T$&$ & $& $& $ $&$($(,&, 0$04&48&8 <$<&$&  $ & $&$ & $$$(&( ,$,0&0 T V]8Xx^  HX*?Text Box 19 P`X___PPT11ph   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      ~Note how the DT terms are written so that each side is positive. We ve got a simple linear equation with T on both sides. Solving it gives us T = 43.8 C. This is the equilibrium temp--the final temp for both the shoe and water. If T had come out over 100 C, the answer would have been invalid, since the specific heat for steam is different than that of water.Rv $&  G$ & $e$(&(%,$,0e0Z4$48&8( ,    xH,0e0e?Rectangle 2`   I#Latent Heat / Specific Heat Example $  L$,?Text Box 43CW @___PPT11    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10xp      WSubstance Specific Heat (in J / kg C) ice 2090 liquid water 4186 steam 1970X $f$f $f $ f&f$f& f$f & f$$$f(&(f,$,f0&0f/4$4f X V]8Xx  FL*?Text Box 6i|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 Superman vaporizes a 1800 kg ice monster with his heat ray vision. The ice monster was at -20 C. After being vaporized he is steam at 135 C. How much energy did Superman expend?    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Lv = 2.26 106 J / kg\: "  a i "  ( $ $("( , ,0"0 4 48a8 ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { } ~   @( ,     xHm+0e0e?Rectangle 2`   @Internal Combustion Engine v  FH*?Text Box 3^|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 tIn the carburetor of your car, air and fuel are mixed. The gaseous mixture is injected into a cylinder, compressed by a piston, and ignited by a spark plug. (If your car has fuel injection, which is more efficient, there is no carburetor; instead fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at appropriate times, where it vaporizes.) The fuel mixture contains internal as well as chemical potential energy. After burning most of the potential energy is released. This energy heats the gas in the cylinder, raising its internal energy. The burning gas also does work on the piston as it expands. The force applied to the piston causes the crankshaft to rotate. The crankshaft is hooked up to the transmission. The exhaust gases are expelled from the cylinder so that the cycle can begin again. Cars are very inefficient, since most of the chemical potential energy in the gasoline goes into heating the exhaust gases, which pollute our atmosphere and contribute to global warming. Only a small amount of the chemical potential energy does useful work.   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"` LVDVP V(  x,zSmM 0   x*0e0e?Rectangle 2`   dCalorimetry & Tigger A  z  RA ??Picture 3 (  Fh*?Text Box 4@|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 &Tigger greets Pooh in his usual enthusiastic manner. When he realizes that Pooh is storing a large vat of honey, Tigger bounces around the Enchanted Forest, and with one last, mighty bounce propels himself   V]8Xxz  RA ??Picture 5d z  RA ??Picture 7K   F(*?Text Box 8P D<|___PPT11\T   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      @ into the vat. Tigger s mass is m. His tail has a spring constant k and compresses a distance x. The honey s mass is M, and its specific heat is C. 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Note that Tigger s mass and the height of his bounce matter not.(d0Za$f& g  o  g o g g  g $g$ (g( ,o, 0o04g4 8g8  B`BPBpB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(Dc' =++4 8?CBa(6*min(max(#ppt_w*#ppt_h,.3),1)-7.4)/-.7*#ppt_wBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*Dc' =++4 8?CBa(6*min(max(#ppt_w*#ppt_h,.3),1)-7.4)/-.7*#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D' =+4 8?RCB?BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*Dk' =+34 8?CBi1+(6*min(max(#ppt_w*#ppt_h,.3),1)-7.4)/-.7*#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+" y`5(     x*0e0e?Rectangle 2`[   7Thermal Expansion !  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This results in small increases in lengths and volumes. Buildings, railroad tracks, bridges, and highways contain thermal expansion joints to prevent cracking and warping due to expansion. The amount of expan-sion depends on the original length/volume, the type of material, and the change in temp. L is length, V is volume, T is temp, a is the coef-ficient of linear expansion, and b is the coef. of volume expansion. When a solid of a single material expands, it does so proportionally in all directions. 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When heated the strip curves because the metals have different coefficients of thermal expansion. Brass s coefficient is higher, so for a given temperature change, it expands more than steel. This causes the strip to bend toward the steel side. The bending would be reversed if the strip were made very cold. $  V]8Xx2   nH8*^G̙d̙?Oval 6"  |L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxv  ZXJ*?Rectangle 4,lL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxf  FX*?Text Box 7 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 dhandle$  V]8Xxe  F8*?Text Box 8l 0|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 csteel$  V]8XxlB  D?Line 9 2   j*̙^G2̙?Oval 21" @ p L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxl   H*?Text Box 23 p |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 h steel side  $  V]8Xxw   H*?Text Box 24Hh|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 s(brass on other side)$  V]8XxbB    F*B C(DE>FQRUVW)x  ?00(0 0 8 @  00   (Freeform 25T | L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxl   Hͷ*?Text Box 27P @p|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 h brass side  $  V]8Xx~b  bݷ*?AutoShape 29 0(L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xxj  H*?Text Box 30p|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 fTop view  $  V]8Xxk  H8*?Text Box 31 P @|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 g Side view  $  V]8Xx  HO?Text Box 33 = |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 wClick for Internet Demo&   V]8Xxh2  L(r0+?Oval 348 0L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx)x   C *Group 11" P B  s fH*BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 12` lL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB   l*BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 13  L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB B s f*BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 14L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  s fX*BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 150 L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  s f*BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 16pL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB B s fx*BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 17pxL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB B s fX*BC,DEF Q^R2UVWf? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 18 PlL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB  s f 5BC,DEF Q^R2UVWf? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 190 lL___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8XxB B  l :hy4BC,DEF Q^R2UVW? g,UF3(m0K *)?J[gmlwqu{ g, @          ` g,3m gmug, ,Freeform 20g'L___PPT11,   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 P   V]8Xx$  #  ? ̙33___"X  ( SA  #    x40e0e?Rectangle 2`   W Thermostats     rA ??Therm4Picture 4Therm4P   F ,?Text Box 5 |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 KBimetallic strips are used in thermostats, at least in some older ones. When the temperature changes, the strip bends, making or breaking an electrical circuit, which causes the furnace to turn on or shut off. In this model when the strip bends it tilts a bulb of mercury, which then bridges two wires and allows current to flow.LL" L V]8Xx$   #  ? ̙33___"n    $(  $D $  xx40e0e?Rectangle 2`   x Thermal Expansion & The Concorde*!A ! $ nA  ?? storyPicture 4storyX@  $ FȐ*?Text Box 5<8|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 &The Concorde is a supersonic jet made of a heat tolerant aluminum alloy. Its nose tilts down on takeoff and landing so the pilot can see the runway. In flight the nose comes up to reduce drag, but at a speed of around 1,350 mph, friction with the air causes significant heating of the plane, ''" ' V]8Xx $ FX*?Text Box 6`<|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 enough to make the Concorde grow in length by 7 inches! (To maintain this speed for one hour, the Concorde must burn over 6,700 gallons of fuel.)"  V]8Xx$ $ #  ? ̙33___"X (( # (' (  xR 0e0e?Rectangle 2`p   [Thermal Expansion Example ! ( F*?Text Box 3` $___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography ___PPT10      PSchmedrick takes his dune buggy to the gas station and fills it up to the very brim. His tank is a steel cylinder of radius 23 cm and height 45 cm (big enough to hold about 20 gallons). He burns a liter of gas getting to the beach, where both the tank and the gas heat up by 20 C. Both the tank and the gas expand. For steel a = 1.1 10-5 / C. For gasoline b = 9.6 10-4 / C. Does the tank overflow? Hints:\_J "  ( " $ $("(, ,0"04"488< <  ( " "!  $   V]8Xx ( FH 3?Text Box 4G|<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ]1. Use the linear expansion formula to calculate the increase in radius of the tank: ^^$ ^ V]8Xx ( H 8?Text Box 16C |<___PPT11   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography 0___PPT10 ]2. Use the linear expansion formula to calculate the increase in height of the tank: ^^$f ^ V]8Xx ( Hh$)?Text Box 17V B\ d \  ___PPT11     hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography p___PPT10PH 3. For a cylinder, V = p r 2 h. Calculate the increase in volume of the tank: W$ 6 $  W V]8Xx' ( H(-)?Text Box 19 =d___PPT11D<   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography @___PPT10  o5. Use the volume expansion formula to calculate the increase in volume of the gasoline: 6. Conclusion::p`$$f$ p V]8Xx ( J*?Rectangle 20 ; ___PPT11x   hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography    hdman`  Arial&Monotype Typography X___PPT1080 ]4. Calculate the volume of gasoline at the beach before expansion. 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