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Z  Z  " "    !  "   )! )" )" * )" ) " )  )" +" *  ,! ," , " ) " ,! ," - , " ,  ," , !   X*  "X,  "X- "X+ "X "X3 "X "X/ "X 8@  8@  8@  8@  # 8 8@@ 8@ * *8 *8 *8 *8@ *8 @ 8@ 8P 0P 0P@ 0PP 8@@ 0P @ 8@ 0@ 8@ 8P 8      Comma [0]!Comma [0]_Periodic Table.xlsComma_Periodic Table.xls Currency [0]$Currency [0]_Periodic Table.xls Currency_Periodic Table.xls Normal_Periodic Table.xls8dq:F3ffff̙̙3f3fff3f3f33333f33333\`] Properties 1Q Properties 2 Properties 3( Properties 4Periodic Table Color%4Periodic Table (Black &White)!  ; !  ; Element:rj03    3  @@   k  [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1oon-nun-OON-i-emUn (one) nun (one) unium (one).Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.NobeliumNo2,8,18,32,32,8,2 [Rn] 5f14 7s26.65 V no-BELL-i-emNNamed in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize.Nobel Institute for Physics(Made by bombarding curium with carbon-13Lr2,8,18,32,32,9,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 lor-ENS-i-em@Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron..A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer3Produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. RutherfordiumRf2,8,18,32,32,10,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 0.23 W/cmKruth-er-FORD-i-em#Named in honor of Ernest RutherfordA. Ghiorso, et al}Made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half lives of 4+ and 3 sec.HahniumHa2,8,18,32,32,11,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 0.58 W/cmKHA-ni-emNamed in honor of Otto Hahn=Made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15Sg2,8,18,32,32,12,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 see-BORG-i-emgNamed in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on transuranium elements..Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at BerkeleyUSSR/United States2Made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18. NielsbohriumNs2,8,18,32,32,13,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2neels-BOR-i-emNamed in honor of Niels Bohr$Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)5Obtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54. HessiumHs2,8,18,32,32,14,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2HES-i-emZNamed in honor of Henri Hess, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics.3Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58. MietneriumMt2,8,18,32,32,15,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s20Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58. [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1oon-nun-NIL-i-em Un (one) nun (one) nilium (zero)7.1 10^-6 K^-13.4681 11.240 am-er-ISH-i-em;Named for the American continent, by analogy with europium.7Silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal.-G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso/Produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.3Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.Cm2,8,18,32,25,9,2 [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s21340C 18.28 cm/mol6.02 V 13.5 g/cm 15.0 kJ/mol KYOOR-i-em)Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.0Silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal.!G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.GhiorsoSMade by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark.Bk2,8,18,32,26,9,2 [Rn] 5f9 7s26.23 V4,(3) BURK-li-em;Named after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery.Synthetic radioactive metal.#G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso]Some compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.Cf2,8,18,32,28,8,2 [Rn] 5f10 7s26.30 Vkal-eh-FOR-ni-em3Named after the state and University of California.6Synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter.1G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.+Made by bombarding curium with helium ions. EinsteiniumEs2,8,18,32,29,8,2 [Rn] 5f11 7s26.42 Vine-STINE-i-em0Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein.Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif)Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.Fm2,8,18,32,30,8,2 [Rn] 5f12 7s26.50 V FER-mi-em-Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.hProduced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture. MendeleviumMd.Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.2,8,18,32,31,8,2 [Rn] 5f13 7s26.58 V UnnununiumUnu2,8,18,32,32,17,2men-deh-LEE-vi-em]Named in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devised the periodic table.0Made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.6Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise MeitnerZDoes not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.U2,8,18,32,21,9,2 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s21132C3818C .81 (+6) 12.59 cm/mol6.1941 V (6),5,4,3 18.9 g/cm 477.0 kJ/mol 8.520 kJ/mol0.0380 10^6/cm ohm 0.276 W/cmK 186 10 MPa13.9 10^-6 K^-12.8538 5.8697 4.9550 yoo-RAY-ni-emNamed for the planet Uranus.<Silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal.^Occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite.qFor many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs.Np2,8,18,32,22,9,2 [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s23,4,5,6640C3902C 11.62 cm/mol6.2657 V 6,(5),4,3 20.45 g/cm 5.190 kJ/mol0.00822 10^6/cm ohm 0.063 W/cmK 900 10 MPa 28 10^-6 K^-16.663 4.723 4.887 nep-TOO-ni-emNamed for the planet Neptune. Rare, silvery radioactive metal.E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson2Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.Pu2,8,18,32,24,8,2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2641C3232C 12.32 cm/mol6.06 V 6,5,(4),3 19.8 g/cm 344.0 kJ/mol 2.840 kJ/mol0.00666 10^6/cm ohm 0.0674 W/cmK 97 10 MPa46.7 10^-6 K^-16.183 4.822 10.963 ploo-TOE-ni-emNamed for the planet Pluto.ASilvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal.0G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.WohlLFound rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons. MITE-ner-i-umNamed in honor of Lise Mietner UnnunniliumUnn2,8,18,32,32,16,2TUsed in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.Am2,8,18,32,25,8,2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2994C2607C 17.86 cm/mol5.993 V 6,5,4,(3) 13.6 g/cm 0.11 J/gK 14.40 kJ/mol0.022 10^6/cm ohm 0.1 W/cmKaFormed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.jSince its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium.Ra2,8,18,32,18,8,2 [Rn] 7s2700C1140C 1.62 (+2) 45.20 cm/mol5.2789 V10.148 V5 g/cm 0.186 W/cmK 16 10 MPa RAY-di-emLatin: radius (ray).+Silvery-white metal. Intensely radioactive.<Found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium.?Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.Ac2,8,18,32,18,9,2 [Rn] 6d1 7s21050C3200C (300C) 22.54 cm/mol5.17 V12.126 V 10.07 g/cm 0.12 W/cmK5.311 ak-TIN-i-emGreek: akis, aktinos (ray).,Heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metalAndr DebiernejExtremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor..It has no significant commercial applications.Th2,8,18,32,18,10,2 [Rn] 6d2 7s21750C 1.05 (+4) 6.08 V11.504 V20.003 V 11.7 g/cm 514.40 kJ/mol 16.10 kJ/mol0.0653 10^6/cm ohm 0.540 W/cmK5.0847 THOR-i-em%Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.9Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal.4Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite.Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel.Pa2,8,18,32,20,9,2 [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s24,51600C5.89 V (5),4 15.4 g/cm 12.30 kJ/mol0.0529 10^6/cm ohm_Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.6Very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal.BIZ-meth4German: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut.1Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal with a pink tint.cIt can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3)JMain use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.Po2,8,18,32,18,6 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 -2,0,2,4,6254C962C 22.23 cm/mol8.4167 V 9.4 g/cm0.0219 10^6/cm ohm 0.20 W/cmK 26 10 MPa 23 10^-6 K^-13.345 peh-LOW-ni-em0Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie.< 0Silvery-gray, extremely rare, radioactive metal.Pierre and Marie Curie,Occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth.Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, and sheet metal.AstatineAt2,8,18,32,18,7 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5302C337C1.43 9.5 V 0.017 W/cmK AS-teh-teenGreek: astatos (unstable).2Unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group."D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.SegraDoes not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.jSince its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of astatine.Rn2,8,18,32,18,8 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6-71C-61.8C 50.5 cm/mol 10.7485 V 0.00973 g/cm 0.09 J/gK 16.40 kJ/mol 2.890 kJ/mol0.0000364 W/cmKRAY-don1Variation of the name of another element, radium.>Colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive, heavy, noble gas.Fredrich Ernst Dorn4Formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust.#Used to treat some forms of cancer.27C677C0.03 10^6/cm ohm.Named for France, the nation of its discovery.,Highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal.Marguerite Derey MER-kyoo-riKFrom the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver).;Heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.vUsed in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapor lighting products.Tl2,8,18,32,18,3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1303.5C 1457C 10C 1.59 (+1) 17.2 cm/mol6.1083 V20.428 V29.829 V3,(1) 11.85 g/cm 164.10 kJ/mol 4.142 kJ/mol0.0617 10^6/cm ohm 0.461 W/cmK 12 10 MPa29.9 10^-6 K^-13.4567 5.5250 THAL-i-emEGreek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum.%Soft gray metal that looks like lead.Sir William CrookesFound in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.UIts compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.Pb2,8,18,32,18,4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 327.502C1740C1.47 1.19 (+2) 18.17 cm/mol7.4167 V15.028 V31.943 V4,(2) 11.34 g/cm 177.70 kJ/mol 4.799 kJ/mol0.0481 10^6/cm ohm28.8 10^-6 K^-14.9504 LED.Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.@Very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal.`Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.=Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.Bi2,8,18,32,18,5 0.47 W/cmK 100 10 MPa9.7 10^-6 K^-1 1560C 5C 21.3 cm/mol7.289 V3.925 3.238 PRO-tak-tin-eh-em 0.12 J/gK 104.80 kJ/mol0.00867 10^6/cm ohm 0.0787 W/cmK 34 10 MPa4.736 a=57 14'<S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils'Found in gravel deposits with platinum.Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures, and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum.Pt2,8,18,32,17,1 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s11772C3827C 09.10 cm/mol9.0 V18.563 V2,(4) 21.45 g/cm 510.0 kJ/mol 19.60 kJ/mol0.0966 10^6/cm ohm 0.716 W/cmK 175 10 MPa8.8 10^-6 K^-13.9240 PLAT-n-em!Spanish: platina (little silver).,Rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal.Julius Scaliger9Produced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum.Used in jewelry, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia.Au2,8,18,32,18,1 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s11,3 1064.43C2808C .85 (+3) 10.2 cm/mol9.2257 V20.521 V (3),1 19.32 g/cm 0.128 J/gK 334.40 kJ/mol 12.550 kJ/mol0.452 10^6/cm ohm 3.17 W/cmK 78.3 10 MPa14.2 10^-6 K^-14.0786 GOLDEAnglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).%Soft, malleable, bright yellow metal.9Found in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight.Hg2,8,18,32,18,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2-38.87C356.58C1.49 Fr2,8,18,32,18,8,1 [Rn] 7s1 10.4375 V18.759 V34.202 V 0.15 W/cmK 2 10 MPa FRAN-si-em 2.295 kJ/mol0.0104 10^6/cm ohm 0.0834 W/cmK 22 10 MPa 49 10^-6 K^-13.005 a=70 32'Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium or magnesium it makes phosphors. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives.Re2,8,18,32,13,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,73180C5627C (estimated) .53 (+7) 1.97 08.85 cm/mol7.88 V (7),6,4,2,-1 21.0 g/cm 715.0 kJ/mol 33.20 kJ/mol0.0542 10^6/cm ohm 0.479 W/cmK 461 10 MPa6.2 10^-6 K^-12.760 4.458 REE-ni-emLatin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.,Rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal.$Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto BergTFound in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.Os2,8,18,32,14,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 0,3,4,6,83054C5027C .63 (+4) 08.49 cm/mol8.7 V 2,3,(4),6,8 22.40 g/cm 746.0 kJ/mol 31.80 kJ/mol0.109 10^6/cm ohm 0.876 W/cmK 550 10 MPa5.1 10^-6 K^-12.7354 4.3193 OZ-mi-emGreek: osm (odor).;Hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal.Smithson Tenant(Obtained from the same ores as platinum.Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other.Ir2,8,18,32,15,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s22410C4130C1.87 08.54 cm/mol9.1 V 2,3,(4),6 22.42 g/cm [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3271.3C 26.10 kJ/mol0.197 10^6/cm ohm16.687 V25.559 V (3),5 9.8 g/cm 1.47 W/cmK 533 10 MPa3.8390 i-RID-i-emLatin: iris (rainbow).Heavy, brittle, white metal.Found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite sand which is ofter 50% rare earth by weight and 0.003% lutetium.!It has no practical applications.Hf2,8,18,32,10,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s22227C4602C .83 (+4) 6.8251 V14.925 V23.32 V 13.2 g/cm 0.14 J/gK 575.0 kJ/mol 24.060 kJ/mol0.0312 10^6/cm ohm 0.230 W/cmK 139 10 MPa5.9 10^-6 K^-13.1947 5.0513 HAF-ni-em*From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.Silvery, ductile metal.Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy,Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.GUsed in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons.Ta2,8,18,32,11,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s22996C 5425C 100C 10.90 cm/mol7.89 V 16.6 g/cm 743.0 kJ/mol 31.60 kJ/mol0.0761 10^6/cm ohm 0.575 W/cmK 183 10 MPa6.3 10^-6 K^-13.298 TAN-te-lem7From king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe.ERare, gray, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point.Anders EkebergCChiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Always found with niobium.Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it i< s used to make surgical and dental tools.W2,8,18,32,12,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 3410C 20C5660C .60 (+6) 2.02 09.53 cm/mol7.98 V 19.3 g/cm 0.13 J/gK 824.0 kJ/mol 35.40 kJ/mol0.189 10^6/cm ohm 1.74 W/cmK 401 10 MPa4.5 10^-6 K^-13.1653 TUNG-stenFSwedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram. 1.02 (+2) 1.76 14.82 cm/mol 13.546 g/cm 0.139 J/gK 59.229 kJ/molEHard, steel-gray to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals.Fausto and Juan Jos de ElhuyarSpainEOccurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. For example, it increases the malleability of vanadium.Tm 2,8,18,31,8,2 [Xe] 4f13 6s21545C1950C1.56 2.42 18.1 cm/mol6.1843 V12.054 V26.367 V 9.33 g/cm 191.0 kJ/mol 16.840 kJ/mol0.0150 10^6/cm ohm 0.168 W/cmK 76 10 MPa 12 10^-6 K^-13.5346 5.5548 THOO-li-em'From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.'Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metalPer Theodor CleveFound with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.lRadioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.Yb 2,8,18,32,8,2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2819C1196C .99 (+3) 2.40 24.79 cm/mol6.2542 V12.188 V25.03 V 6.98 g/cm 0.15 J/gK 128.90 kJ/mol 7.660 kJ/mol0.0351 10^6/cm ohm 0.349 W/cmK 18 10 MPa25.1 10^-6 K^-15.4864 i-TUR-bi-em)Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby.0Silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal.Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium./Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.Lu 2,8,18,32,9,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s21663C3402C .98 (+3) 2.25 17.78 cm/mol5.4259 V13.888 V20.957 V 9.85 g/cm 355.90 kJ/mol 18.60 kJ/mol0.0185 10^6/cm ohm 0.164 W/cmK 84 10 MPa3.5032 5.5511 loo-TEE-shi-em 0.130 J/gK 604.0 kJ/mol-Silvery-white, hard, dense, rare earth metal.Georges UrbainFound with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium.GIt is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.Dy 2,8,18,28,8,2 [Xe] 4f10 6s21412C 1.03 (+3) 2.49 19.0 cm/mol5.9389 V11.67 V22.802 V 8.536 g/cm 0.17 J/gK 230.0 kJ/mol 11.060 kJ/mol0.0108 10^6/cm ohm 0.107 W/cmK 63 10 MPa9.6 10^-6 K^-13.5904 5.6477 dis-PRO-si-em$Greek: dysprositos (hard to get at).Soft, lustrous, silvery metal.Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is often 50% rare earth by weight.6Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.Ho 2,8,18,29,8,2 [Xe] 4f11 6s21474C2700C1.58 2.47 18.7 cm/mol6.0216 V11.805 V22.843 V 8.80 g/cm 0.16 J/gK 241.0 kJ/mol0.0124 10^6/cm ohm 0.162 W/cmK 72 10 MPa9.8 10^-6 K^-13.5774 5.6160 HOLE-mi-em6From Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden.0Fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal. J.L. SoretiOccurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typically 0.05% holmium.It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications.Er 2,8,18,30,8,2 [Xe] 4f12 6s21529C2868C 1.00 (+3) 18.4 cm/mol6.1078 V11.929 V22.739 V 9.05 g/cm 261.0 kJ/mol 19.90 kJ/mol0.0117 10^6/cm ohm 0.143 W/cmK 73 10 MPa3.5589 5.5876 UR-bi-em&Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby.Soft, malleable, silvery metal.>Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.mFound with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium.It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies.Eu 2,8,18,25,8,2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2822C1527C 1.07 (+3) 2.56 28.9 cm/mol5.6704 V11.245 V24.926 V 5.259 g/cm 143.50 kJ/mol 9.210 kJ/mol0.0112 10^6/cm ohm 0.139 W/cmK 41 10^-6 K^-14.5822 yoo-RO-pi-em"Named for the continent of Europe.Soft, silvery-white metal.Eugne DemarayvObtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.DUsed with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.Gd 2,8,18,25,9,2 [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s21313C3273C1.61 1.05 (+3) 2.54 19.9 cm/mol6.1500 V12.095 V20.635 V 7.895 g/cm 359.40 kJ/mol 10.050 kJ/mol0.00736 10^6/cm ohm 0.106 W/cmK 55 10 MPa -2 10^-6 K^-13.6361 5.7828 GAD-eh-LIN-i-em#Named after the mineral gadolinite.#Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal.Jean de Marignac Switzerland=Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.KUsed in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.Tb 2,8,18,27,8,2 [Xe] 4f9 6s21356C3230C1.59 1.18 (+3) 2.51 19.2 cm/mol5.8639 V11.525 V21.91 V 8.27 g/cm 10.80 kJ/mol0.00889 10^6/cm ohm 0.111 W/cmK 57 10 MPa9.4 10^-6 K^-13.6011 5.6938 TUR-bi-em)Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden..Soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare earth metal.-Named for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia.Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Makes up 5% of Mich metal. NeodymiumNd 2,8,18,22,8,2 [Xe] 4f4 6s21021C3074C1.64 2.64 20.6 cm/mol5.5250 V10.727 V22.076 V 7.0 g/cm 273.0 kJ/mol 7.140 kJ/mol0.0157 10^6/cm ohm 0.165 W/cmK 38 10 MPa6.9 10^-6 K^-13.6580 nee-eh-DIM-i-em#Greek: neos and didymos (new twin).<Silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air.NMade from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Makes up 18% of Mich metal, which is used in making steel.Pm 2,8,18,23,8,2 [Xe] 4f5 6s21042 C3000 C (estimated)1.63 1.09 (+3) 2.62 22.39 cm/mol5.55 V10.903 V22.283 V 6.475 g/cm 0.18 J/gK 0.179 W/cmK 42 10 MPapro-MEE-thi-em$Named for the Greek god, Prometheus.KRare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars.+J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell United StatesZDoes not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.LIt has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.Sm 2,8,18,24,8,2 [Xe] 4f6 6s21074C1794C 1.08 (+3) 2.59 19.95 cm/mol5.6437 V11.069 V23.423 V (3),2 7.54 g/cm 166.40 kJ/mol 8.630 kJ/mol0.00956 10^6/cm ohm 0.133 W/cmK 45 10 MPa8.996 a=23 13' seh-MER-i-em#Named after the mineral samarskite.Silvery rare earth metal. 0.135 W/cmK5.2 10^-6 K^-13.770 It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europium metal. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses.Ce Rare Earth 2,8,18,20,8,2 [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s23,4 798C 3C3433C1.65 1.14 (+3) 2.70 < 20.67 cm/mol5.5387 V10.851 V20.20 V (3),4 6.78 g/cm 5.460 kJ/mol0.0115 10^6/cm ohm 0.114 W/cmK 30 10 MPa5.1603 SER-i-emINamed after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element.$Malleable, ductile, iron-gray metal.*W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. KlaprothSweden/GermanyTMost abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals. PraseodymiumPr 2,8,18,21,8,2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2931C3520C 1.13 (+3) 2.67 20.8 cm/mol5.464 V10.551 V21.62 V (3,4) 6.77 g/cm 296.80 kJ/mol 6.890 kJ/mol0.0148 10^6/cm ohm 0.125 W/cmK5.4 10^-6 K^-13.6726 11.8358 pra-si-eh-DIM-i-em>Greek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts.9Silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal.C.F. Aver von WelsbachAustria&Obtained from same salts as neodymium.!Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers/Obtain from the small quantities in liquid air.Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant whtie light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors.Cs 2,8,18,18,8,1100 10^-6 K^-16.0797 SEE-zi-em>Latin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum.%Very soft, light gray, ductile metal.Gustov Kirchoff, Robert BunsenCFound in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite.Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionizes readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant.Ba 2,8,18,18,8,2 [Xe] 6s2725C1897C1.98 1.42 (+2) 2.78 39.24 cm/mol5.2117 V10.004 V 3.51 g/cm 0.204 J/gK 142.0 kJ/mol 7.750 kJ/mol0.030 10^6/cm ohm 0.184 W/cmK 13 10 MPa20.6 10^-6 K^-15.013 BAR-i-emGreek: barys (heavy or dense)..Soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal.Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure.Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.La 2,8,18,18,9,2 [Xe] 5d1 6s2918C3464C1.69 1.16 (+3) 2.74 20.73 cm/mol5.5770 V11.059 V19.174 V 6.7 g/cm 0.19 J/gK 414.0 kJ/mol 6.20 kJ/mol0.0126 10^6/cm ohm12.159 LAN-the-nem!Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden).It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds.Te.Soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal. Carl MosanderaFound with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum.2.0e-6 10^6/cm ohm 0.0235 W/cmK 40 10 MPa18.8 10^-6 K^-14.4568 5.9270 te-LOOR-i-emLatin: tellus (earth)."Silvery-white, brittle simi-metal.Franz Mller von ReichensteinRomania5Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.I 2,8,18,18,7 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5113.5C184.35C @ 35 atmos. 2.20 (-1) 25.74 cm/mol 10.4513 V19.131 V33.0 V (1),5,7 4.93 g/cm 0.214 J/gK 20.752 kJ/mol 7.824 kJ/mol8.0e-16 10^6/cm ohm 0.00449 W/cmK 87 10^-6 K^-14.79 7.25 9.78 EYE-eh-dine Greek: ieides (violet colored).mShiny, black, non-metalic solid; as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.Bernard Courtois@Occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds.kRequired in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature.Xe 2,8,18,18,8 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6-111.9C-107.1C1.31 1.24 37.3 cm/mol 12.1299 V21.21 V32.10 V 0.00588 g/cm 0.158 J/gK 12.636 kJ/mol 2.297 kJ/mol0.0000569 W/cmK253 10^-6 K^-1ZEE-nonGreek: xenos (strange).&Heavy, colorless, odorless, noble gas.18.869 V28.03 V 7.31 g/cm 231.50 kJ/mol 3.263 kJ/mol0.116 10^6/cm ohm 0.816 W/cmK 14 10 MPa32.1 10^-6 K^-14.5981 4.9469 IN-di-emDLatin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope. [Xe] 6s128.4C669.3C2.35 1.74 (+1) 3.34 71.07 cm/mol3.8939 V25.10 V 1.873 g/cm 67.740 kJ/mol 2.092 kJ/mol 0.359 W/cmK 1.8 10 MPaUsed to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.Sn 2,8,18,18,4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2231.97C2602C1.41 .71 (+4) 16.3 cm/mol7.3438 V14.632 V30.502 V 7.30 g/cm 0.227 J/gK 295.80 kJ/mol 7.029 kJ/mol0.0917 10^6/cm ohm 0.666 W/cmK 50 10 MPa22.0 10^-6 K^-15.8317 TINBNamed after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).1Silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal.HPrincipally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste.Sb 2,8,18,18,5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p30,-3,3,5630.74C1587C .76 (+3) 18.23 cm/mol8.64 V16.53 V25.30 V 6.684 g/cm 77.140 kJ/mol 19.870 kJ/mol0.0288 10^6/cm ohm 0.243 W/cmK 67 10 MPa11.0 10^-6 K^-14.5069 a=57 6'27" AN-teh-MOH-ni@Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite.'Hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal.5Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3). 2,8,18,18 [Kr] 4d101552C2940C1.28 .64 (+2) 08.9 cm/mol8.3369 V19.63 V 17.60 kJ/mol0.0950 10^6/cm ohm 0.718 W/cmK 127 10 MPa3.8908 peh-LAY-di-em5Named after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803..Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal.8Obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores. 2,8,18,18,6 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4449.5C989.9C .97 (+4) 1.42 20.5 cm/mol9.0096 V18.60 V27.96 V 6.24 g/cm 0.20 J/gK 52.550 kJ/mol 17.490 kJ/mol 1.15 (+1) 1.75 10.3 cm/mol7.5762 V21.49 V 10.5 g/cm 0.235 J/gK250.580 kJ/mol 11.30 kJ/mol0.630 10^6/cm ohm 4.29 W/cmK18.9 10^-6 K^-14.0863 SIL-ver=Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.$Silvery-ductile, and malleable metalpFound in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.nUsed in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.Cd 2,8,18,18,2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2320.9C765C1.48 .95 (+2) 1.71 8.9937 V16.908 V37.48 V 8.65 g/cm 0.23 J/gK 99.570 kJ/mol 6.192 kJ/mol0.138 10^6/cm ohm 0.968 W/cmK 62 10 MPa30.8 10^-6 K^-12.9789 5.6169 KAD-me-em8Greek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide))."Soft, malleable, blue-white metal.Fredrich Stromeyer*Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colors. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapor that is poisonous.In< @Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb). Tetragonal 2,8,18,18,3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p11,2,3156.61C2080C .80 (+3) 15.7 cm/mol5.7864 VSIts alloys are used in aircraft, missiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate.Tc 2,8,18,13,2 [Kr] 4d5 5s2 0,2,4,5,6,72172C4877C1.27 1.95 08.5 cm/mol7.28 V15.26 V29.54 V (7),6,4 11.5 g/cm#Rare, very soft, silver-white metalFerdinand Reich, T. RichterFound in certain zinc ores.Carlo Perrier, millo SegrItalySMade first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron.oAdded to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.Ru 2,8,18,15,1 [Kr] 4d7 5s10,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,82334C4150C .62 (+4) 1.89 08.3 cm/mol7.3605 V16.76 V28.47 V 2,(3,4),6,8 12.2 g/cm 0.238 J/gK 595.0 kJ/mol0.137 10^6/cm ohm 1.17 W/cmK 430 10 MPa6.4 10^-6 K^-12.7059 4.2818 roo-THE-ni-emLatin: Ruthenia (Russia).+Rare, extremely brittle, silver-gray metal. Karl KlausRussia$Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite._Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.Rh 2,8,18,16,1 [Kr] 4d8 5s1 2,3,4,5,6 1966C 3C3695C .67 (+3) 1.83 7.4589 V18.08 V31.06 V2,(3),4 12.4 g/cm 0.242 J/gK 493.0 kJ/mol 21.50 kJ/mol0.211 10^6/cm ohm 1.50 W/cmK 330 10 MPa8.2 10^-6 K^-13.8045 RO-di-em5Greek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution.Hard, silvery-white metalWilliam Wollaston.Obtained as a by-product of nickel production.lUsed as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples.Pd32.93 V (2),4 12.02 g/cm 0.24 J/gK 357.0 kJ/molCombined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.Zr 2,8,18,10,2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 1852C 2C4377C1.45 .84 (+4) 14.1 cm/mol6.6339 VUsed as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst .Ag 2,8,18,18,1 [Kr] 4d10 5s1961.93C2162C6Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.Nb 2,8,18,12,1 [Kr] 4d4 5s12,3,5 2468C 10C4742C1.34 .64 (+5) 2.08 10.87 cm/mol6.7589 V14.32 V25.04 V (5),3 8.57 g/cm 0.26 J/gK 682.0 kJ/mol 26.40 kJ/mol0.0693 10^6/cm ohm 0.537 W/cmK 104 10 MPa7.3 10^-6 K^-13.3067 ni-OH-bee-em9From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus.!Shiny white, soft, ductile metal.Charles HatchetOccurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles.Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminum or zirconium.Mo 2,8,18,13,1 [Kr] 4d5 5s12617C4612C1.30 .59 (+6) 2.01 09.4 cm/mol7.0924 V16.461 V27.16 V (6),5,4,3,2 10.2 g/cm 0.25 J/gK 598.0 kJ/mol 32.0 kJ/mol0.187 10^6/cm ohm 1.38 W/cmK 322 10 MPa4.8 10^-6 K^-13.1469 meh-LIB-deh-nemGreek: molybdos (lead).Hard, silvery-white metal.Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.Rb 2,8,18,8,1 [Kr] 5s11,2,3,438.89C 0.21 J/gK 660.0 kJ/mol 24.0 kJ/mol0.067 10^6/cm ohm 0.506 W/cmK 380 10 MPa 8 10^-6 K^-12.735 4.388 tek-NEE-shi-emGreek: techntos (artificial).9Silvery-gray metal. First synthetically produced element.@Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames.+Soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.R. Bunsen, G. KirchoffjOccurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.AUsed as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes.Sr 2,8,18,8,2 [Kr] 5s2769C1384C1.91 1.26 (+2) 2.45 33.7 cm/mol5.6948 V11.03 V43.60 V 2.6 g/cm 0.30 J/gK 144.0 kJ/mol 8.30 kJ/mol0.0762 10^6/cm ohm 0.353 W/cmK 15 10 MPa22.5 10^-6 K^-16.0851 STRON-she-em"From the Scottish town, Strontian.&Soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal. A. Crawford-Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions.Y 2,8,18,9,2 [Kr] 4d1 5s2 1522C 8C3338C 1.02 (+3) 2.27 19.8 cm/mol6.217 V12.24 V20.52 V 4.47 g/cm 363.0 kJ/mol 11.40 kJ/mol0.0166 10^6/cm ohm 0.172 W/cmK 64.4 10 MPa3.6475 5.7308 IT-ri-emMFrom the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.(Silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal.Johann GadolinFinland9Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics.Se2,8,18,6 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4-2,4,6217C684.9C .50 (+4) 13.13 V22.99 V 6.4 g/cm 0.27 J/gK 58.20 kJ/mol0.0236 10^6/cm ohm 0.227 W/cmK 94 10 MPa3.2313 5.1479 zer-KO-ni-emFrom the mineral, zircon.0Gray-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal.Martin KlaprothZObtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.Br2,8,18,7 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5-7.2C58.78C1.14 1.96 (-1) 1.12 25.6 cm/mol 11.8138 V21.8 V36.0 V (1),5 3.119 g/cm 0.473 J/gK 15.438 kJ/mol 5.286 kJ/mol 0.00122 W/cmKBRO-meenGreek: brmos (stench).Redish-brown liquid.Antoine J. Balard!Occurs in compounds in sea water.It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals.Kr2,8,18,8 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6-156.6C-152.3C1.03 38.9 cm/mol 13.9996 V24.359 V36.95 V0.003708 g/cm 0.248 J/gK 9.029 kJ/mol 1.638 kJ/mol0.0000949 W/cmK425 10^-6 K^-1KRIP-tonGreek: kryptos (hidden)..Colorless, odorless, tasteless rare noble gas. Great BritainLForms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.Ga2,8,18,3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p129.78C2204C1.26 1.81 686C2.16 1.61 (+1) 2.98 55.9 cm/mol4.1771 V27.28 V40.0 V 1.53 g/cm 0.363 J/gK 72.216 kJ/mol 2.192 kJ/mol0.0779 10^6/cm ohm 0.582 W/cmK 2.0 10 MPa 91 10^-6 K^-15.70 roo-BID-i-em7.661 4.524 GAL-i-emLatin: Gallia (France).Soft, blue-white metal.Paul mile Lecoq de BoisbaudranHFound throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.jUsed in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting dio< des) and GaAs laser diodes.Ge2,8,18,4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2937.4C .53 (+4) 1.52 13.6 cm/mol7.900 V15.934 V34.22 V (4),2 5.323 g/cm 0.32 J/gK 330.90 kJ/mol 36.940 kJ/mol1.45e-8 10^6/cm ohm 0.599 W/cmK 115 10 MPa5.7 10^-6 K^-15.677 jer-MAY-ni-emLatin: Germania (Germany).Grayish-white metal.Clemens Winkler-Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.As2,8,18,5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3-3,0,3,5817C @ 28 atmos.Sublimes at 613C1.20 .58 (+3) 1.33 13.1 cm/mol9.8152 V18.633 V28.351 V (3),5 5.72 g/cm 0.33 J/gK 34.760 kJ/mol0.0345 10^6/cm ohm 0.500 W/cmK 39 10 MPa15.4 10^-6 K^-14.1319 a=54 8' AR-s'n-ikDGreek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).Steel-gray, brittle semi-metal.!Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite)0,1,2,31453C2913C1.15 .69 (+2) 1.62 06.59 cm/mol7.6398 V18.168 V35.17 V 370.40 kJ/mol 17.470 kJ/mol0.143 10^6/cm ohm 0.907 W/cmK13.4 10^-6 K^-13.5239 NIK-l$German: kupfernickel (false copper). 16.45 cm/mol9.7524 V21.19 V30.82 V-2,(4),6 4.79 g/cm 37.70 kJ/mol 6.694 kJ/mol 0.0204 W/cmK 20 10 MPa45.0 10^-6 K^-14.3658 4.9592 si-LEE-ni-emGreek: seln (moon).USoft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from gray metallic to red glassy appearance.Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.Cu2,8,18,1 [Ar] 3d10 4s11,21083C2567C .73 (+2) 1.57 7.7264 V20.292 V36.83 V (2),1 8.96 g/cm 0.38 J/gK 300.30 kJ/mol 13.050 kJ/mol0.596 10^6/cm ohm 4.01 W/cmK 124 10 MPa16.5 10^-6 K^-13.6148 KOP-erHSymbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).(Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal.Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O).Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewelry and for coins.Zn2,8,18,2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2419.58C907C1.25 .74 (+2) 1.53 09.2 cm/mol9.3941 V17.964 V39.722 V 7.14 g/cm 0.39 J/gK 115.30 kJ/mol 7.322 kJ/mol0.166 10^6/cm ohm 1.16 W/cmK 95 10 MPa30.2 10^-6 K^-12.6650 4.9470 ZINKGerman: zink (German for tin).Bluish-silver, ductile metal.Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1.Fe2,8,14,2 [Ar] 3d6 4s22,3,4,61535C2861C .55 (+3) 07.1 cm/mol7.9024 V16.18 V30.651 V2,(3) 7.86 g/cm 11.8 cm/mol5.9993 V20.51 V30.71 V 5.907 g/cm 0.37 J/gK 258.70 kJ/mol 5.590 kJ/mol0.0678 10^6/cm ohm 0.406 W/cmK 11 10 MPa19.7 10^-6 K^-14.523 ŕMalleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth most abundant element in the universe.Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to the bottomUsed in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.Co2,8,15,2 [Ar] 3d7 4s21495C2927C1.16 .65 (+2) 1.67 06.7 cm/mol7.8810 V17.06 V33.50 V (2),3 8.90 g/cm 0.42 J/gK 376.50 kJ/mol 16.190 kJ/mol0.172 10^6/cm ohm 1.00 W/cmK 208 10 MPa 13 10^-6 K^-12.507 4.070 KO-boltGerman: kobold (goblin).Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal. Exists in the earth's curst in cocentrations of about 25 ppm. It has remarkable magnetic properties. George BrandtOccurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron.Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982C. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy.Ni2,8,16,2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere.Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Found in the earth's crust in portions averaging 70 ppm. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Virtually no corrosion under normal conditions.Axel Cronstedt30.96 V6,(3),2 7.19 g/cm 0.45 J/gK 344.30 kJ/mol 16.90 kJ/mol0.0774 10^6/cm ohm 0.937 W/cmK 259 10 MPa4.9 10^-6 K^-12.8847 KROH-mi-emGreek: chrma (color).Very hard, crystalline, steel-gray metal. The pure metal has a blue-white color. It is hard, brittle and corrsion-resistant at normal temperatures.Louis VauquelinChromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium.Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology.Mn2,8,13,2 [Ar] 3d5 4s2 1,2,3,4,6,71244C2061C .67 (+2) 1.79 07.39 cm/mol7.4340 V15.64 V33.667 V 7,6,4,(2),3 7.43 g/cm 226.0 kJ/mol 12.050 kJ/mol0.00695 10^6/cm ohm 0.0782 W/cmK 198 10 MPa21.7 10^-6 K^-18.9142 MAN-ge-nees+Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.SHard, brittle, gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Rusts like iron in moist air. Johann GahnMost abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace.Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a color closely matching natural sunlight.TitaniumTi2,8,10,2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 1668C 10C3287C1.32 .61 (+4) 0.44 J/gK 349.60 kJ/mol 13.80 kJ/mol0.0993 10^6/cm ohm 0.802 W/cmK 211 10 MPa11.8 10^-6 K^-12.8665 EYE-ern4Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron).Shiny, dark-gray metal. Ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust (5700 ppm). It can be highly polished, and is relatively immune to tarnishing.William GregorUsually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others.V2,8,11,2 [Ar] 3d3 4s22,3,4,5 1890C 10C3407C1.22 .54 (+5) 1.92 08.78 cm/mol6.7463 V14.65 V29.31 V (5),4,3,2 5.8 g/cm 0.49 J/gK 0.452 kJ/mol 20.90 kJ/mol0.0489 10^6/cm ohm 0.307 W/cmK 129 10 MPa8.4 10^-6 K^-13.0232 veh-NAY-di-em#From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. 45.46 cm/mol4.3407 V31.625 V45.72 V 0.862 g/cm{Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alka< lis at room temperature. Nils SefstrmFound in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort.Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to color fireworks in mauve. Formerly called kalium (K). Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissures.Ca2,8,8,2 [Ar] 4s2839C1484C1.74 1.00 (+2) 25.9 cm/mol6.1132 VIt is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.Cr2,8,13,1 [Ar] 3d5 4s12,3,61857C2672C .62 (+3) 1.85 07.23 cm/mol6.7666 V16.50 VObtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts.Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries.ScTransition Metal2,8,9,2 [Ar] 3d1 4s21541C2830C1.44 .75 (+3) 2.09 15.0 cm/mol6.5614 V12.80 V24.76 V 3.0 g/cm0.6 J/gK 314.20 kJ/mol 14.10 kJ/mol0.0177 10^6/cm ohm 0.158 W/cmK 80 10 MPa10.0 10^-6 K^-13.3091 5.2735 SKAN-di-emLatin: Scandia, Scandinavia.iFairly soft, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant 'rare earth' found in the earth's crust (5.0 ppm). Lars NilsonOccurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.1,3,5,7 -100.98C-34.6C0.99 1.81 (-1) 0.97 16.9 cm/mol 12.9676 V23.81 V39.611 V (1),3,5,70.003214 g/cm 0.48 J/gK 10.20 kJ/mol 3.203 kJ/mol0.000089 W/cmKKLOR-een!Greek: chlros (greenish yellow).FGreenish-yellow, disagreeable gas. Never found in free form in nature.Carl Wilhelm ScheeleSalt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).2.00 10.64 cm/mol6.8282 V13.58 V27.491 V (4),3,2 4.50 g/cm 0.52 J/gK 421.00 kJ/mol 15.450 kJ/mol0.0234 10^6/cm ohm 0.219 W/cmK 110 10 MPa8.6 10^-6 K^-129512 4.6845 tie-TAY-ni-emGreek: titanos (Titans).Colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up about 1%."Sir William Ramsey, Baron RayleighContinuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air.Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres.K2,8,8,1 [Ar] 4s163.25C759.9C2.03 1.51 (+1) 2.77 0.75 J/gK 79.870 kJ/mol 2.334 kJ/mol0.139 10^6/cm ohm 1.024 W/cmK 2.4 10 MPa 82 10^-6 K^-15.247 pe-TASS-i-em6English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali).ySoft, waxy, silver-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust (20,900 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 C.Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.P Monoclinic2,8,5 [Ne] 3s2 3p344.1C277C1.06 .17 (+5) 17.0 cm/mol 10.4867 V19.725 V30.18 V3,(5),7 1.82 g/cm 0.77 J/gK 12.129 kJ/mol 0.657 kJ/mol1.0e-17 10^6/cm ohm 0.00235 W/cmK127 10^-6 K^-13.3137 11.871 V50.908 V 1.55 g/cm 0.63 J/gK 153.60 kJ/mol 8.540 kJ/mol0.298 10^6/cm ohm 21 10 MPa22.3 10^-6 K^-15.5886 KAL-si-emLatin: calx, calcis (lime).zFairly hard, silvery-white metal. Fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (41,500 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its compounds which glow in the dark.S Orthorhombic2,8,6 [Ne] 3s2 3p42,4,6115.21C444.6C1.02 .29 (+6) 1.09 15.5 cm/mol 10.3600 V23.33 V34.83 V2,4,(6) 2.07 g/cm 1.7175 kJ/mol0.5e-23 10^6/cm ohm 0.00269 W/cmK 19 10 MPa 70 10^-6 K^-1 10.4650 12.8665 24.4869 SUL-ferLatin: sulphur (brimstone).]Tasteless, odorless, pale yellow, brittle solid. Tenth most abundant element in the universe.Known to the ancients.Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.{Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).Cl2,8,7 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 44.4 10 MPa24.8 10^-6 K^-13.2095 5.2107 mag-NEE-zih-em;From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece.Lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the universe. Seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust.Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium.mUsed in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).Ar2,8,8 [Ne] 3s2 3p6-189.2C-185.7C0.98 0.88 23.9 cm/mol 15.7596 V27.629 V40.74 V0.0017824 g/cm 0.520 J/gK 6.447 kJ/mol 1.188 kJ/mol0.0001772 W/cmK 3 10 MPa618 10^-6 K^-1AR-gonGreek: argos (inactive). 2.37 W/cmK 70.5 10 MPa23.1 10^-6 K^-14.0497 ah-LOO-men-em Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum).YSoft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust.Hans Christian OerstedDenmarkINever occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis from bauxite (Al2O3).Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it.Si2,8,4 [Ne] 3s2 3p21410C3265C1.11 .26 (+4) 1.46 12.1 cm/mol8.1517 V16.345 V33.492 V2,(4),-4 2.33 g/cm384.220 kJ/mol 50.550 kJ/mol2.52e-12 10^6/cm ohm 1.48 W/cmK 162 10 MPa2.6 10^-6 K^-15.4309 SIL-i-kenLatin: silex, silicus, (flint).Amorphous form is brown power; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant element in the universe. Second most plentiful element in the earths crust.Jns BerzeliusFound in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.NeCubic: Face centered2,8 [He] 2s2 2p6 -248.67C -246.048C0.71 0.51 21.5645 V40.962 V63.45 V0.0008999 g/cm 0.904 J/gK10.478 4.3765 FOS-fer-es&Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light).ISoft white waxy phosphorescent solid, brownish-red powder or black solid. Hennig BrandGermanyFound most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 C.882.9C1.54 1.02 (+1) 2.23 23.7 cm/mol5.1391 V47.286 V71.641 V 0.971 g/cm 1.23 J/gK 96.960 kJ/mol 2.598 kJ/mol0.210 10^6/cm ohm 1.41 W/cmK 5 10 MPa 71 10^-6 K^-14.2908 SO-di-emZMedieval L< atin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).vSoft silvery-white metal. Sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame.Sir Humphrey DavyNObtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors.Mg2,8,2 [Ne] 3s2648.8C1090C1.36 .72 (+2) 1.72 13.97 cm/mol7.6462 V15.035 V80.143 V 1.738 g/cm 127.40 kJ/mol 8.954 kJ/mol0.226 10^6/cm ohm 1.56 W/cmK(Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).Colorless, odorless, tasteless, generally inert gas. Fifth most abundant element in the universe. Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere.Daniel RutherfordScotland4Obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.OCubic2,6 [He] 2s2 2p4-218.4C -182.962C0.73 Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. But since it is flammable at temperatures of burning gasoline, its uses are limited.AlMetal2,8,3 [Ne] 3s2 3p1660.37C2519C1.18 .54 (+3) 1.82 10.0 cm/mol5.9858 V18.828 V28.447 V 2.702 g/cm 0.90 J/gK 293.40 kJ/mol 10.790 kJ/mol0.377 10^6/cm ohm%Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm ScheeleEngland/SwedenObtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.FHalogen2,7 [He] 2s2 2p5 -219.62C -188.14C0.72 1.33 (-1) 0.57 12.6 cm/mol 17.4228 V34.97 V62.707 V0.001696 g/cm 0.82 J/gK 3.2698 kJ/mol 0.2552 kJ/mol0.000279 W/cmK1800 10^-6 K^-1 FLU-eh-reenLatin: fluere (flow).aGreenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature. Henri MoissanFranceIts ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.B Rhombohedral2,3 [He] 2s2 2p12079C4000C0.82 .23 (+3) 1.17 04.6 cm/mol8.2980 V25.154 V37.93 V 2.34 g/cm 1.02 J/gK 489.70 kJ/mol 50.20 kJ/mol1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm 0.270 W/cmK 441 10 MPa4.7 10^-6 K^-18.80 5.05 BO-ron(From Arabic and Persian words for borax.|Hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Exists in the earth's crust at an average proportion of about 10 parts per million. 1.7326 kJ/mol 0.3317 kJ/mol0.000493 W/cmK1900 10^-6 K^-1NEE-onGreek: neos (new).Colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas. Fourth most abundant element in the universe and fifth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere (18.18 ppm). Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers^Obtained from production of liquid air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen.Primarily for lighting.Na2,8,1 [Ne] 3s197.81C47.887 V (4),2 2.62 g/cm 0.71 J/gK 355.80 kJ/mol0.00061 10^6/cm ohm 1.29 W/cmK 7 10 MPa1.0 10^-6 K^-12.4619 6.7080 KAR-benLatin: carbo, (charcoal).\Allotropic forms include diamonds and graphite. Sixth most abundant element in the universe.Known to the ancientsUnknown;Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.tFor making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.N2,5 [He] 2s2 2p33,5 -209.86C-195.8C0.75 1.71 (-3) 17.3 cm/mol 14.5341 V29.601 V47.448 V (3),5,4,2,10.0012506 g/cm 1.04 J/gK 2.7928 kJ/mol 0.3604 kJ/mol0.0002598 W/cmK240 10^-6 K^-1 NYE-treh-genLight, odorless, colorless, tasteless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe. Sixth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere.*Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.CleveScotland/SwedenFound in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per billion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioactive decay (alpha particles).XUsed in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research.Li Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered2,1 [He] 2s1180.54C1342C1.23 .76 (+1) 2.05 13.10 cm/mol5.3917 V76.638 V 122.451 V 0.53 g/cm3.6 J/gK145.920 kJ/mol 3.00 kJ/mol0.108 10^6/cm ohm 1.40 (-2) 0.65 14.0 cm/mol 13.6181 V35.117 V54.934 V0.001429 g/cm 0.92 J/gK 3.4099 kJ/mol0.22259 kJ/mol0.0002674 W/cmK780 10^-6 K^-1 OK-si-jen%Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid. Third most abundant element in the universe. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere.Alkali Earth Metal2,2 [He] 2s21287C2472C0.90 .45 (+2) 1.40 05.0 cm/mol9.3226 V18.211 V 153.893 V 1.848 g/cm 1.82 J/gK 292.40 kJ/mol 12.20 kJ/mol0.313 10^6/cm ohm 2.00 W/cmK 301 10 MPa11.3 10^-6 K^-12.286 3.584 beh-RIL-i-em%Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).uHard, brittle, steel-gray metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl) for its sweet but deadly taste.Fredrich Whler, A.A.BussyGermany/FranceFound mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride. Boron (B) B Carbon (C)NameSym Atomic NumberCrystal Structure Atomic WeightShellsOrbitalsValence Melting Point Boiling PointElectro-NegativityCovalent Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Atomic VolumeFirst Ionization PotentialSecond Ionization PotentialThird Ionization PotentialOxydation StatesDensity @ 293 K Specific HeatHeat of VaporizationHeat of FusionElectrical ConductivityThermal ConductivityModulus of ElasticityCoeficient of Thermal Expansion Lattice parm Pronounced Name Origin Description Discovered ByYearLocationSources.UsesH Non-Metal Hexagonal1s1 -255.34C -252.87C0.32 1.54 (+1) *Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. ThnardEngland/FranceObtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl).OUsed with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.C2,4 [He] 2s2 2p22,3,43825C (Sublimes)4827C0.77 .16 (+4) 0.91 04.58 cm/mol 11.2603 V24.383 VCommercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis.Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D) and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.He Noble Gas1s2-272.2C @ 26 atmos. -268.934C0.93 0.49 19.5 cm/mol 24.5874 V54.416 V0.0001787 g/cm 5.193 J/gK 0.0845 kJ/mol 0.00152 W/cmK HEE-li-emGreek: hlios (sun).Melting Point (K)Boiling Point (K)Density (g/cm^3)Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)Atomic Radius ()Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)Hydrogen1aHelium8aLithium Beryllium2aBoron3aCarbon4aNitrogen5aOxygen6aFluorine7aNeonSodium MagnesiumAluminumSilicon PhosphorusSulfurChlorine< Argon PotassiumCalciumScandium3bTItanium4bVanadium5bChromium6b Manganese7bIron8bCobaltNickelCopper1bZinc2bGallium GermaniumArsenic885(s)SeleniumBromineKryptonRubidium StrontiumYttrium ZirconiumNiobium Molybdenum Technetium RutheniumRhodium PalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimony 0.847 W/cmK 10 10 MPa 46 10^-6 K^-13.5101 LITH-i-emGreek: lithos (stone).]Soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Accounts for only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.Johann ArfwedsonSwedenObtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].]Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.BeRadonFranciumRadiumActiniumThorium ProtactiniumUranium Neptunium Plutonium AmericiumCurium Berkelium Californium EinstieniumFermium MendeleeviumNolelium Lawrencium RuthefordiumHanium Seaborgium Atomic no.Symbol Atomic weight Boiling point Melting pointDensity (kg/m3)Heat vapour (kJ/mol)Heat fusion (kJ/mol)Th Conductivity (W/m/K)Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg/K) Hydrogen (H) H Helium (He) He Lithium (Li) LiBeryllium (Be) Be Neon (Ne) Ne Sodium (Na) NaMagnesium (Mg) Mg Aluminum (Al) Al Silicon (Si) SiPhosphorus (P) P Sulfur (S) S Chlorine (Cl) Cl Argon (Ar) Ar Potassium (K) K Calcium (Ca) Ca Scandium (Sc) Sc Titanium (Ti) Ti Vanadium (V) V Chromium (Cr) CrManganese (Mn) Mn Iron (Fe) Fe Cobalt (Co) Co Nickel (Ni) Ni Copper (Cu) Cu Zinc (Zn) Zn Gallium (Ga) GaGermanium (Ge) Ge Arsenic (As) As Selenium (Se) Se Bromine (Br) Br Krypton (Kr) Kr Rubidium (Rb) RbStrontium (Sr) Sr Yttrium (Y) YZirconium (Zr) Zr Niobium (Nb) NbMolybdenum (Mo) Mo0.79 14.4 cm/mol 13.5984 V--10.00008988 g/cm 14.304 J/gK0.44936 kJ/mol0.05868 kJ/mol0.001815 W/cmK HI-dreh-jen)Greek: hydro (water) and genes (generate)Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas. The most abundant element in the universe. Tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust.Henry CavendishEngland Xenon (Xe) Xe Cesium (Cs) Cs Barium (Ba) BaLanthanum (La) La Samarium (Sm) Sm Europium (Eu) EuGadolinium (Gd) Gd Terbium (Tb) TbDysprosium (Dy) Dy Holmium (Ho) Ho Erbium (Er) Er Thulium (Tm) TmYtterbium (Yb) Yb Lutetium (Lu) Lu Hafnium (Hf) Hf Tantalum (Ta) Ta Wolfram (W) W Rhenium (Re) Re Osmium (Os) Os Iridium (Ir) Ir Platinum (Pt) Pt Gold (Au) Au Mercury (Hg) Hg Thallium (Tl)ElementGroupPeriod Atomic No.Atomic Mass (amu)2, 8, 18, 18, 12, 8, 18, 18, 22, 8, 18, 18, 32, 4, 18, 18, 42, 8, 18, 18, 52, 8, 18, 18, 62, 8, 18, 18, 72, 8, 18, 18, 8(209)(210)(222)2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 12, 8, 18, 18, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 10, 22, 8, 18, 32, 11, 22, 8, 18, 32, 12, 22, 8, 18, 32, 13, 22, 8, 18, 32, 14, 22, 8, 18, 32, 15, 22, 8, 18, 32, 17, 12, 8, 18, 32, 18, 12, 8, 18, 32, 18, 22, 8, 18, 32, 18, 32, 8, 18, 32, 18, 42, 8, 18, 32, 18, 52, 8, 18, 32, 18, 62, 8, 18, 32, 18, 72, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8GasLiquidSolidDbBhUumUuuUub(223)(261)(262)(263)(265)(266)(269)(272)DubniumBohriumHassium Meitnerium Ununnillum UnununiumUnunbium2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 12, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 TelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBarium LanthanumCerium Praseodynium Neodynium PromethiumSamariumEuropium GadoliniumTerbium DysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThulium YtterbiumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRhenium Tl Lead (Pb) Pb Bismuth (Bi) Bi Polonium (Po) Po Astatine (At)OsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstinine Ac Thorium (Th) ThProtactinium (Pa) Pa Uranium (U) UNeptunium (Np) NpPlutonium (Pu) PuAmericium (Am) Am Curium (Cm) CmBerkelium (Bk) BkCalifornium (Cf) CfEinsteinium (Es) Es Fermium (Fm) FmMendelevium (Md) Md Nobelium (No) NoLawrencium (Lr) Lr?? (Rf) Rf?? (Ha) Ha$PROPERIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 2)$PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 1) C Nitrogen (N) N Oxygen (O) O Fluorine (F) FThe 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, 4, and -3. #*$2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 22, 8, 18, 23, 8, 22, 8, 18, 24, 8, 22, 8, 18, 25, 8, 22, 8, 18, 25, 9, 22, 8, 18, 27, 8, 22, 8, 18, 28, 8, 22, 8, 18, 29, 8, 22, 8, 18, 30, 8, 22, 8, 18, 31, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2 Other Metals Metalloids(244)(243)(247)(251)(252)(257)(258)(259)(260) Noble GasesTechnetium (Tc) TcRuthenium (Ru) Ru Rhodium (Rh) RhPalladium (Pd) Pd Silver (Ag) Ag Cadmium (Cd) Cd Indium (In) InTin (Sn) Sn Antimony (Sb) SbTellurium (Te) Te Iodine (I) IPeriodic Table Of ElementsXVIIIIIXIIIXIVXVXVIXVII2, 8, 18, 8, 2 Cerium (Ce) CePraseodymium (Pr) PrNeodymium (Nd) NdPromethium (Pm) Pm2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 22, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 22, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 22, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 22, 8, 18, 32, 23, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 22, 8, 18, 32, 26, 9, 22, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 22, 8, 2, 18, 32, 32, 8, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 9, 2Flourine2, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 8IIIIVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXII Phosphorous2, 8, 12, 8, 22, 8, 32, 8, 42, 8, 52, 8, 62, 8, 72, 8, 8 2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 8, 2 2, 8, 9, 2 2, 8, 10, 2 2, 8, 11, 2 2, 8, 13, 1 2, 8, 13, 2 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 15, 2 2, 8, 16, 2 2, 8, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 8(98)2, 8, 18, 8, 12, 8, 18, 9, 22, 8, 18, 10, 22, 8, 18, 12, 12, 8, 18, 13, 12, 8, 18, 14, 12, 8, 18, 15, 12, 8, 18, 16, 12, 8, 18, 18, 0jThe six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable. #$2, 8,18, 32, 32, 10, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 12, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 12, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2Legend Alkali Metals(145)Alkaline Earth MetalsTransition Metals2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 22, 8, 18, 20, 8, 22, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 At Radon (Rn) Rn Francium (Fr) Fr Radium (Ra) Ra Actinium (Ac)GThe alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, <they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water. #$The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature.#$vThe 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals". As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to combine with other elements, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.I#Z$The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th periods. The Rare Earth Elements are made up of two series of elements, the Lanthanide and Actinide Series. #$Pe#Table created by Brigette Steinmetz CSUN< 2004 CSUN, 2004Non-metals are the elements in groups 14-16 of the periodic table. Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well. As opposed to metals, non-metallic elements are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets. The non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room temperature: gases (such as oxygen) and solids (such as carbon). The non-metals have no metallic luster, and do not reflect light. They have oxidation numbers of 4, -3, and -2. $lThe halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 7 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.# $At. # BP (K)MP (K)Densityat. wt.Most stable oxidation Statecovalent radiusAt. Radius (angstroms)First IPspecific heat capacitythermal conductivityelectrical conductivityheat of fusionElectro- negativityYears Since DiscoveryFamilyorbitlaMetal or Non-metal2nd most stable oxidation state3rd most stable oxidation state4th most stable oxidation state mg/kg crust mg/L seawater% human body masslength of namehydrogensMhelium Noble gaslithium berylliumAlkaline Earthboronpcarbon*nitrogenPnictideoxygen Chalcogenfluorineneonsodium magnesiumaluminumsilicon phosphorussulfurchlorineargon potassiumcalciumscandiumdtitaniumvanadiumchromium manganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgallium germaniumarsenicseleniumbrominekryptonrubidium strontiumyttrium zirconiumniobium molybdenum technetium rutheniumrhodium palladiumsilvercadmiumindiumtinantimony telluriumiodinexenoncesiumbarium lanthanumceriumf praseodymium neodymium promethiumsamarium1.3.3europium gadoliniumterbium dysprosiumholmiumerbiumthulium ytterbiumlutetiumhafniumtantalumtungstenrheniumosmiumiridiumplatinumgoldmercurythalliumleadbismuthpoloniumastatine radonfranciumradiumactiniumthorium protactiniumuranium neptunium plutonium americiumcurium berkelium californium einsteiniumfermium mendeleviumnobelium lawrencium rutherfordiumhahnium seaborgiumhassiumbohrium meitnerium ununniliumUun0Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals from non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals". Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators. $!! #p&), /1B4-j6U 9:>@!DGzJL L O sQ}cGTVjIY[~]s_bxe&g;jl` n KqsQtkvFxz~`'?>! s" sHޚrp?sw1sȥ?Ȫ?  p8ey׹N¼9e gf2'l a (Mq] "Q2p Jyt6=JUOZ $  Y d <G1~FQr}% !" "p$aud&U')3*$K, @-1 . a0Rh1Y2yu35b8S9pe;VN<?=AjM7 N P j QR;SnnxjP JD%ip@D%A@$"" `VD"(V,"x#? AD"ipFRv npjPn` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK? z@֞E@Ж"D@@@@they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water. #$The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. 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D+" D+p D+# D+$ D+% D +& D!+' D"+7~ D#+̜@ D$+B D%+( D&+ E.8 E+~ E+@Q@ E+ E+ E+^ e@ E+ E+~ E+@ E + E +~ E +? E + E + E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E+ E + E!+ E"+~ E#+\@ E$+B E%+ E&+ F.9 F+~ F+Q@ F+ F+~ F+@ F+ F+ F+ F + F +~ F +[@ F + F + F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F + F!+ F"+[~ F#+X@ F$+\ F%+ F&+ G.: G+~ G+Q@ G+ G+ G+me@ G+ G+~ G+@ G + G +~ G +_@ G + G + G+ G+ G+ G+ G+~ G+@ G+ G+ G+ G+ G+ G+ G+ G+` G+ G+ G+ G +v G!+ G"+~ G#+̝@ G$+ G%+D G&+E H.; H+F~ H+R@ H+ H+ ~ H+An@ H+G H+H~ H+@ H +I H +J~ H +@`@ H + H +K H+P H+o H+L H+M H+N~ H+@ H+O H+P H+Q H+R H+S H+T H+U H+V H+W H+X H+Y H +Z H!+[ H"+\~ H#+ @ H$+v H%+] H&+^ I.< I+_~ I+@R@ I+ I+c I+|a2Uf@ I+` I+a I+K I +b I +c~ I +? 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M+C M+@ M+A M +B M!+C M"+~ M#+0@ M$+ M%+ M&+ N.I N+~ N+S@ N+ N+~ N+ @ N+ N+ N+ N + N +~ N +l@ N + N + N+T N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+~ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N + N!+ N"+~ N#+@ N$+- N%+ N&+ O.J O+~ O+S@ O+ O+O+HKh@ O+ O+ O+ O + O +~ O +o@ O + O + O+N O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O+ O + O!+ O"+K O#+E O$+E O%+ O&+ P.K P+~ P+T@ P+ P+ ~ P+@ P+ P+ P+ P + P +~ P +@ P + P + P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+ P+g P +h P!+i P"+K P#+E P$+E P%+j P&+k Q.L Q+l~ Q+@T@ Q+ Q+ Q+ё\Ci@ Q+m Q+n Q+ Q +o Q +p~ Q +i@ Q + Q +q Q+ Q+r Q+s Q+t Q+u Q+v Q+w Q+~ Q+x Q+y Q+z Q+{ Q+| Q+} Q+~ Q+ Q+ Q + Q!+ Q"+~ Q#+@ Q$+ Q%+ Q&+ R.M R+~ R+T@ R+ R+~ R+<@ R+ R+ R+ R + R +~ R + m@ R + R + R+N R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+~ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R + R!+ R"+K R#+E R$+E R%+ R&+ S.N S+~ S+T@ S+ S+ S+X0_j@ S+ S+6 S+K S +7 S +~ S +@i@ S + S + S+ S+ S+ S+: S+; S+< S+= S+ S+ S+ S+ S+ S+ S+ S+ S+ S+' S +( S!+) S"+K S#+E S$+E S%+* S&++ T.O T+,~ T+U@ T+ T+T+oj T+- T+. 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We also use it to find the # of neutrons an atom has. Protons + neutrons = atomic mass. Atomic Mass - Atomic # = # of neutrons.<&? e ldB  s *D@ 8]`0vnf2  S A@"` ]` w  6y A@"` z I]`yx <Electron Configuration Each # shows how many electrons fit in the energy level. To find the total # of electrons add up the numbers.<&m  ldB  s *D@ov ]``z  6@| A@"` 8/ ]`@|P{ E<FElement Symbol One or two letter symbol used to identify the element.<&P  EldB  s *D@NR] `p|ldB  @ s *D@ ] `@~  6 A@"`-] ` -<.Element Name This is the name of the element.<&G  -ZRb  C HLA@Ck!,] `p>@ <<<:G                          ## 7788####4455#66,,--2233..%%0011&&''(())**++%7 53 45O\  dMbP?_*+%T&?'?(?)?"O??U } }} 3 1} f 1} 3 1}  1} 3 140 @ J@Х@@@ P@w`@@ w@H"  @ P @ h@B@  @ PgtXd@ H` B0 @H@ P1  Ч/ 0F  $ 0 ?~?  4      ~ @ 2 ~ C@ 2 T㥛 ? 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" "G "H " " "Z " " " ! " " " # " $ " # #% #& # # # # # #  #  # # # ,$/@@@@pppppppppppppp%/@@@`%L@M@M@N@N@O@O@P@@P@P@P@Q@@Q@Q@Q@&/@@@ &  & &2 &2y &2 & 2 & 2+ & 2C & 2_ & 2 &2 &2 &2 &2 &2'E\a@~ ']@'Va@~ ',@ ' 0' ^@A@c@A @Pd@A@U@'Se@~ '@'me@ (, (- ( (x (0 ( 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 ( 5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (: ) ) ) )| )} ) ~ )  ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) `*@V@V@V@W@@W@W@W@X@@X@X@X@Y@@Y@Y@Y@ + + +2 +2 +2 + 2 + 2 + 2M + 2Z + 2d +2n +2v +2~ +2 +2 ,7A``l@,K7m@,x&l@,rhm@,K7m@ , , , , , , , , , , -I -J -K -L -M - N - O - P - Q - R -m -T -} - -W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3! 3& @0vd@ (    0 A@"`]` ?<@Atomic Number The Atomic Number = the # of protons an atom has.<&;  ?ldB  s *D@]|]`  6 A@"` N( - ]` <Atomic Mass The Atomic Mass = average mass of an element's atom. We also use it to find the # of neutrons an atom has. Protons + neutrons = atomic mass. Atomic Mass - Atomic # = # of neutrons.<&? e ldB  s *D@ 8]``nf2  S A@"` ]`P  60  A@"` z I]`0 @ <Electron Configuration Each # shows how many electrons fit in the energy level. To find the total # of electrons add up the numbers.<&m  ldB  s *D@o ]`   6p  A@"` 8/ ]`p   E<FElement Symbol One or two letter symbol used to identify the element.<&<  EldB   s *D@NR] ` ldB  @ s *D@ ] `p   60 A@"`-] `0@ -<.Element Name This is the name of the element.<&5 k -ZRb   C HLA@Ck!,x] `> @ >>>3                      # ### ###  %7   Oh+'08@Th ' Tim Hoytt  Norman HerrMicrosoft Excel@Z ՜.+,0D PXp x 'Chem Dept, UPS   Properties 1 Properties 2 Properties 3 Properties 4Periodic Table ColorPeriodic Table (Black &White)  Worksheets FMicrosoft Excel Worksheet8FIBExcel.Sheet.8CompObj X