ࡱ> ,/  !"#$%&'()*+.R FbY?-WorkbookRSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8X %\p Norman Herr Ba==L,G88@"1Verdana1Verdana1Verdana1Verdana1Verdana1Geneva1Verdana1Verdana1Verdana1Verdana1Verdana1Geneva1 Verdana1$Verdana1Verdana"$"#,##0_);\("$"#,##0\)!"$"#,##0_);[Red]\("$"#,##0\)""$"#,##0.00_);\("$"#,##0.00\)'""$"#,##0.00_);[Red]\("$"#,##0.00\)7*2_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_).))_(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_)?,:_("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_)6+1_(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_) 0.0000                + ) , *            @+  @)  @*  ` S-P graph .dataZK CalculationsNSheet3aibZ  3  @@  +* p-wave time s-wave times-p distance (km) .233 s/km .133 s/km;Determining the Epicenter of an Earthquake by Triangulationtime between P & Sdistance from epicenterscaled distance (seconds) (kilometers) (centimeters) Tokyo, JapanSydney, Australia Hawaii, USADavis, CaliforniaLos Angeles, California 1.00 s/kmFassume P waves travel approximately 740 km/minutes faster than S waves Scale Factor=As you know, Distance = Rate * Time and so the distance from 7the epicenter to the seismograph's location, d, can be 8represented using the rate of the p-wave (we'll call it >the "pretty-quick" wave) or the rate of the s-wave (or "slow" wave):" d = p * t1 d = s * t25where p = p-wave velocity and s = s-wave velocity, or# t1 = d/p t2 = d/s .:Once the first wave hits the seismograph, t1 seconds have =elapsed since the earthquake. When the "slow" wave hits the =seismograph, t2 seconds have elapsed. So t2 - t1 represents the clocked time, or d/s - d/p. t2 - t1 = d/s - d/p: = (p*d -s*d)/(s*p) {common denominator}4 = d(p - s)/(s*p) {factor out d}3 (t2-t1)*(s*p)/(p-s) = d {solve for d}<So you can calculate the distance from the epicenter, d, if 9you know the velocities of the p-wave and s-wave, or the >constant using these velocities, (s*p)/(p-s), and the elapsed time, t2 - t1.* L2 'L A u jPMEqG%:_0LO` %Qܠ=`G R@7PX_p`P8ChigorX >`P8LGDPLLH IL Pؐ"(P$llsqLrpHh@ؿTnoEHLMGnMG^LtHhs%ThL pH@LڰLQh0GvLrP0pHhLQhLQhqvrP0Hhhlbl 0hLQhpb0LQhLp0?%7@@Μl ?%LSlLQhap7LpGlLQh@ؿ7 hGqLr  %"D#$7??3h 4#h 4# h 4# h 4# h 4#PH0( 3f3f3 0 0 3dd 003Q  S-waveQ ;3Q ;3Q3_4E4 003Q  P-WaveQ ;3Q ;3Q3_  NM  MM<4E4 003Q  S-P WaveQ ;3Q ;3Q3_ d NM  MM<4E4D$% M@3O&Q4$% M@3O& Q4FA/ 3O)Z  3 b#M-43*N#M! M4% n^M3O& Q Distance traveled'4% cc-MZ3O&Q $ Time until shock is detected (s)'4523  43"  m3O % M@3OQ443_ M NM  MM<444% xPM@3O& Q '#Time vs. distance shockwave travels'440e$@$@$@4@4@4@>@>@>@D@D@D@I@I@I@N@N@N@Q@Q@Q@T@T@T@V@V@V@ Y@ Y@ Y@ [@ [@ [@ ^@ ^@ ^@ @`@ @`@ @`@ a@ a@ a@b@b@b@d@d@d@@e@@e@@e@f@f@f@g@g@g@i@i@i@@j@@j@@j@k@k@k@l@l@l@n@n@n@@o@@o@@o@@p@@p@@p@p@p@p@q@q@q@ r@ r@ r@r@r@r@`s@`s@`s@t@t@t@ t@ t@ t@!@u@!@u@!@u@"u@"u@"u@#v@#v@#v@$ w@$ w@$ w@%w@%w@%w@&`x@&`x@&`x@'y@'y@'y@(y@(y@(y@)@z@)@z@)@z@*z@*z@*z@+{@+{@+{@, |@, |@, |@-|@-|@-|@.`}@.`}@.`}@/~@/~@/~@ep= ף@HzG??p= ף@HzG@@(\@Q@@p= ף"@HzG@@L'@@@(\+@Q@@(\O0@Q"@@p= ף2@HzG%@ @Q4@q= ף'@"@ L7@ *@ $@ zG9@ (\B-@ &@ (\;@ Q/@ (@ ףp=J>@  ףp=J1@ *@ (\O@@ Q2@ ,@yA@433333@.@p= ףB@HzG5@0@GzC@\(6@1@QD@q= ף7@2@(\"F@QE9@3@LG@:@4@ףp= wH@Gz;@5@zGI@(\B=@6@QJ@أp= >@7@(\K@Q?@8@ M@@@9@ ףp=JN@ ףp=JA@:@GztO@GzA@;@(\OP@QB@<@GzP@)\HC@=@yQ@43333C@>@QR@> ףpD@?@p= ףR@HzGE@@@ )\8S@ RE@ @@!GzS@!\(F@!A@"43333cT@"gffffFG@"A@#QT@#q= ףG@#B@$> ףpU@${GH@$B@%(\"V@%QEI@%C@&HzV@&(\I@&C@'LW@'J@'D@(RW@(p= CK@(D@)ףp= wX@)GzK@)E@*]( Y@*QL@*E@+zGY@+(\BM@+F@,gffff6Z@,M@,F@-QZ@-أp= N@-G@.q= ף`[@.zGAO@.G@/(\[@/QO@/H@e> )d % 4H/>H  dMbP?_*+%"?%??U } }  4\XfofOlE[r\  ` X b l0@"DBE "<u|         ~ $@%p= ף@m?D%HzG?D/$?!? DD~ 4@p= ף@3/m?LHzG@3/L/$?@3/ LL~ >@(\@Q@@~ D@p= ף"@HzG@@~ I@L'@ @ @ ~ N@ (\+@  Q@  @ ~ Q@ (\O0@  Q"@  @ ~ T@ p= ף2@  HzG%@   @ ~ V@ Q4@  q= ף'@  "@ ~ Y@ L7@ *@ $@~ [@zG9@(\B-@&@~ ^@(\;@Q/@(@~ @`@ ףp=J>@ ףp=J1@*@~ a@(\O@@Q2@,@~ b@yA@433333@.@~ d@p= ףB@HzG5@0@~ @e@GzC@\(6@1@~ f@QD@q= ף7@2@~ g@(\"F@QE9@3@~ i@LG@:@4@~ @j@ףp= wH@Gz;@5@~ k@zGI@(\B=@6@~ l@QJ@أp= >@7@~ n@(\K@Q?@8@~ @o@ M@@@9@~ @p@ ףp=JN@ ףp=JA@:@~ p@GztO@GzA@;@~ q@(\OP@ QB@ <@ ~  r@ GzP@! )\HC@! =@!D|l*8kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk!\"X#fofO$%lE&'[r(\)*`+X,b-l./00@1"D2B3E ~ !r@!yQ@"!43333C@"!>@"~ "`s@"QR@#"> ףpD@#"?@#~ #t@#p= ףR@$#HzGE@$#@@$~ $t@$)\8S@%$RE@%$@@%~ %@u@%GzS@&%\(F@&%A@&~ &u@&43333cT@'&gffffFG@'&A@'~ 'v@'QT@('q= ףG@('B@(~ ( w@(> ףpU@)({GH@)(B@)~ )w@)(\"V@*)QEI@*)C@*~ *`x@*HzV@+*(\I@+*C@+~ +y@+LW@,+J@,+D@,~ ,y@,RW@-,p= CK@-,D@-~ -@z@-ףp= wX@.-GzK@.-E@.~ .z@.]( Y@/.QL@/.E@/~ /{@/zGY@0/(\BM@0/F@0~ 0 |@0gffff6Z@10M@10F@1~ 1|@1QZ@21أp= N@21G@2~ 2`}@2q= ף`[@32zGAO@32G@3~ 3~@3(\[@3QO@3H@*m hkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk (  `  S tp  @w f]`tpLV A<BThe speed of an earthquake wave is not constant but varies with many factors. Speed changes mostly with depth and rock type. P waves travel between 6 and 13 km/sec. S waves are slower and travel between 3.5 and 7.5 km/sec. For this activity, we are assuming that P waves are traveling at 7.5 km/s and S waves at 4.3 km/s<2 A>@''' % LNN  dMbP?_*+%"??i U } } I} m h\X                    ** >@5 % aO!R  dMbP?_*+%"?? iU \X     BfofOgn1            ! " # $ % & ' ( ),|>@5   Oh+'08@Th ' Norman Herr Norman HerrMicrosoft Excel@+ ՜.+,0( PX  '(California State University, Northridge$ data CalculationsSheet3 S-P graph  WorksheetsCharts FMicrosoft Excel Worksheet8FIBExcel.Sheet.8CompObj X