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Half-LifeWTable of isotopesbZ 3  @@   C 75380 yearsCprovide colouring and fluorescence in coloured glazes and glassware)dating sediments, as old as 400,000 yearsUraniumU 245500 years<provide natural colouring and brightness to dental fixtures\Ifuel, production of fluorescent glassware, coloured glazes and wall tilesXenonXe 5.243 days@determination of functional lung capacity and blood flow studies YtterbiumYb 32.026 days (cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brainYttriumY 64.10 hoursYtargetted cancer treatments, silicate colloid for treatment of arthritis in larger jointsZincZn 244.26 days +HALF LIVES OF SELECTED RADIOACITVE ISOTOPESSOURCE: webelements.com half lifesmoke detectorsDating organic samplesTreating cancer nuclear fuel!inspection for hidden explosivesRadioactive DecayQtogether with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnaceSodium 14.96 hours6detecting leaks in underground pipes, oil well studiesMisotopic tracer - monitor blood flow, to detect constrictions or obstructions StrontiumSr 64.85 daysbone formation and metabolism#isotopic tracer - study bone growth 50.52 days 2.71 hoursSulfur 87.2 daysmedical treatment TechnetiumTc99m6 hoursproduce images of the brain, lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, gall bladder, skeleton and cardiovascular system, about 70% of nuclear medicine procedures, useful for thickness gauge of film and leatherThalliumTl 3.040 daysinjected into blood stream, concentrates in normal heart muscle but will not remain in damaged tissue, area is then photographed with a nuclear scintillation camera to show damaged areas 3.78 yearsmeasurement of dust and pollutant levels on filter paper, gauge thickness of plastic, sheet metal and rubber, used for thickness gauge for paper, plasticspure beta emitter, gammaThoriumTh 7880 yearsvhelps fluorescent lights last longer, with Tungsten - to improve stability and efficiency of electric arc welding rods Phosphorus 14.28 days treating ovarian and bone cancerDisotopic tracer - to investigate the uptake of fertilisers in plantsamolecular biology and genetics research, treatment of polycythermia vera (excess red blood cells) 25.3 days'molecular biology and genetics research PlutoniumPu 87.74 yearsJenergy generation in nuclear power stations, source of fuel for spacecraftpower heart pacemakersPolonium 138.38 daysOreduce the static charge in production of photographic film and other materials Potassium 12.36 hours.exchangeable potassium in ccoronary blood flow PromethiumPm 2.6234 yearsLelectric blanket thermostats, useful for thickness gauge of film and leatherRadiumRa 1599 yearsKmakes lighting rods more effecctive, with Be-9 is useful for moisture gaugeRubidiumRb 4.57 hours 76 secondsPositron Emission Tomography, short-term effects of physiologic alterations or of drugs, used to identify blood-brain-barrier deficitsSamariumSm 1.929 daysSrelieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic phosphatesScandiumSc 83.81 days<isotopic tracer - to investigate the silt movement in riversStogether with Ag110m, La140, Co60 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnaceSeleniumSe 119.78 dayscprotein studies in life science research, study the production of enzymes, useful for density gauge6weld inspection of pipelines, useful for density gaugeSilver Ag110m 24.6 seconds1.7 x 107 years$used to check radioactivity countersIridiumIr 73.83 days/Implants for tumour irradiation (brachytherapy)[Test welds in boilers, pipelines and aircraft parts, radiography of steel to discover flawsIronFe 2.73 years3Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of ironMAnalyse electroplating solutions and detect the presence of sulfur in the air 44.51 daysKryptonKr 210000 years imaging of pulmonary ventilation 10.73 yearsindicator lights in appliances such as clothes dryers, washing machines, gauge the thickness of thin plastics and sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper, measure dust and pollutant levels. Leaks in sealed containers with the escaping atoms detected by means of their radiation LanthanumLa 1.678 daysRtogether with Ag110m, Co60, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace ManganeseMn 312.2 days7predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste waterNickelNi 100 yearsnto detect explosives, voltage and current surge protection devices, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastic1electron capture detectors for gas chromatographsNitrogen 9.97 minutesPositron emission tomography{isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the environment 122.2 secondsOxygenQPositron Emission Tomography, incorporated into metabolically important moleculespreparation of F18-deoxyglucose for Positron emission Tomography, as Oxygen-18 water, heart blockage detection, deficiencies in heart valves, brain scanning for tumour detection, energy expenditure in humans and total body water composition in humansHlife science and drug metabolism to ensure safety of potential new drugs 12.32 yearsself luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs, luminous dials, gauges and wrist watches, production of luminous paint, geological and hydrological prospecting,measure "young" groundwater, tracer to study sewage and liquid wasteIndiumIn 2.8049 days)Isotopic tracer absorbed by brain tumoursIodineI 8.040 daysimaging of the thyroid gland, treatment of thyroid cancer and Graves' disease, Iodine accumulates in the thyroid, also brain tumors, abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstructionIodine 13.2 hoursSDiagnosis of thyroid disease and other metabolic disorders including brain function59.4 dDiagnosis of thyroid disorders, biomedical research, glomerular filtration rate of kidneys, deep vein thrombosis, radioimmuno assays, show the presence of hormones in tiny quantitiesDIsotopic tracer - for pernicious anemia, X-ray fluorescence analysis 1925 days@Treating cancer, sterilisation of medical products and equipmentbeta and gammaisotopic tracer - vitamin B12 with tagged with Co60 can be used to study the absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tractIndustryIsotopic tracer - for finding flaws in metal castings, together with Ag110m, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, level gauge, density gauge8Isotope dilution - used to calculate amount of compoundsCopperCu 12.701 hoursIsotopic tracer - brain tumours absorb Copper, genetic diseases affecting copper metabolism such as Wilson's and Menke's disease 2.580 daysswhen injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the tumourCuriumCm 18.11 years\used in mining to analyse material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling operationsFluorine 1.83 hoursPET, detection of cancers and monitoring progress in their treatment, fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) is useful for Energy metabolism diagnosis DysprosiumDy2.33 h+in colloidal from to treat arthritic jointsGalliumGa 3.260 days^isotopic tracer - as gallium citrate to detect inflammation and disorders associated with AIDSGoldAu 2.694 daystrace factory waste causing ocean pollution, trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floor, together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, togther with Ir192 and Cr57 to label sand to study coastal erosionHydrogenstable ChemistryXisotopic tracer, investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving hydrogenmeasurement and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines, determine whether oil wells are plugged by sand, ensure the right fill level for food and drug packaging, tradiotracer for identification of sources of soil erosion and depositionCalcium 4.536 days=to study the cellular functions and bone formation i<gn mammals CaliforniumCf 2.64 yearsto inspect luggage for hidden explosives, to gauge moistute content of soil in the road construction and building industries, to measure moisture of materials srored in soilsCarbon 20.3 minutesglucose tagged with C11 is used with Positron Emission Tomography, produces positrons in the brain or other organs and monitored by PET 5715 years*Dating organic samples up to 35000 yrs oldisotopic tracer, investigations of photosynthesis, also glucose through the body, to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolised without forming harmful by-products, useful for thickness gauge of thin plasticsChlorine 301000 yearszmeasurement of sources of chloride and age of water (up to 2 million years), used for thickness gauge for paper, plasticsChromiumCr 27.70 days&to study red blood cell survival ratesCobaltCo 271.8 daysSymbolIsotopeUse Specific UseRadiation produced Aluminium 710000 yearsMedicalAlzheimer's diseasegammaResearch Acid rain AmericiumAm 432.2 years IndustrialjSmoke Detectors, fluid-density gauges, oil well logging (neutron source), to measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production, to help determine where oil wells should be drilled, useful for a level gauge, a X-ray fluorescence analysis. Am241-Be9 is useful for a moisture gaugealphaArgon 1.82 hours&ventilation tests in building researchbetaCadmiumCd462 daysVto analyse metal alloys for checking stock, scrap sorting, X-ray fluorescene analysis.CaesiumCs 30.2 years\treatment of cancerous tumous, measurement of correct dosages of radioactive pharmaceuticalsInitial quantity for half-life Half-lifeHCNaAlPClArKCaElementPoFSON 4pPGYc1 * Z l  c O!"#fs$qc'(&*5,T-s#//sa245:<66c8s9909[~I ѿ @sJ.sII&vp+VlsJdsHv ipp+Vl0vp+`Xp@\ dd0z20Vl nxjPHl ddz2{|nпD"iptpԿnx@ bP @nx1jPHlb0p&huLipЇK5AuL!~p&h nx|jPipHl.n nxjPHl.̠Jip AD"ipv npjP 53 ,3^lf,j  dMbP?_*+%M com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMHorizontalRes com.apple.print.ticket.creator com.apple.printingmanager com.apple.print.ticket.itemArray com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMHorizontalRes 300 com.apple.print.ticket.client com.apple.printingmanager com.apple.print.ticket.modDate 2004-11-01T22:16:46Z com.apple.print.ticket.stateFlag 0 com.apple.print.PageFormat.PMOrientation 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